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“direct”

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Direct mechanical seeding cost about 20% of direct seeding.

Taxon: rapeseedt0
Treatment: direct mechanical seedinge0
Outcome: coste0
Direction: lowerinferrede0
Value: about 20%e0
Comparator: direct seedinge0

Verbatim

e0
“direct mechanical seeding showed that the cost was about 20% of direct seeding”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 767–845

t0
“rapeseed production”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–99

Title

Exploration and application of the integration of agronomy and mechanization in rapeseed production

Tang ChuZhou 2011

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect The developed rapeseed production mode could save time.
Intervention effect The developed production mode lowered work intensity and cost.
Intervention effect Direct mechanical seeding cost about 10% of transplantation by manpower.
Observation Farmers could save 900 to 1 050 Yuan per hm2.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mechanized direct seeding had similar yield to broadcast direct seeding.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: Mechanized wet direct seedinge0
Outcome: yielde1
Direction: similare1
Comparator: bDSRe1

Verbatim

e0
“Mechanized wet direct seeding rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1185–1219

e1
“had similar yield to bDSR”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1383–1408

Title

Mechanized wet direct seeding for increased rice production efficiency and reduced carbon footprint

Nguyen Van Hung; Tran Ngoc Thach; Nguyen Ngoc Hoang; et al. Precision Agriculture 2024. doi:10.1007/s11119-024-10163-8

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Mechanized direct seeding reduced variation in seedling density by 40–80%.
Intervention effect Mechanized direct seeding reduced yield variation by 0.1 to 0.3 t ha−1.
Intervention effect Nitrogen productivity was 27% higher with mechanized seeding in Winter-Spring.
Intervention effect Nitrogen productivity was 32% higher with mechanized seeding in Summer-Autumn.
Intervention effect Net income with mechanized seeding was comparable to drum seeding.
Intervention effect Mechanized seeding raised net income by 145–220 $US over broadcast seeding in Winter-Spring.
Intervention effect Mechanized seeding raised net income by 171–248 $US over broadcast seeding in Summer-Autumn.
Intervention effect Mechanized seeding lowered carbon footprint by 22–25% in Winter-Spring.
Intervention effect Mechanized seeding lowered carbon footprint by 12–20% in Summer-Autumn.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mechanical hill-direct-seeded rice yielded more than direct seeded rice.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: mechanical precision hill-direct-seedinge0
Outcome: yieldse0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: direct seeding ricee0

Verbatim

e0
“the yields of mechanical precision hill-direct-seeding rice were similar to hand transplanting rice, but higher than direct seeding rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 225–361

Title

Study and Field Demonstration on Mechanical Precision Hill-direct-seeded Rice Cultivation in Zhejiang Province

Jin Guo-qian China Rice 2014

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Mechanical hill-direct-seeded rice yielded similarly to hand transplanted rice at the stated density.
Observation Mechanical direct seeding gave early tillering and more tillers.
Intervention effect Mechanical direct seeding decreased grains per spike relative to hand transplanting.
Intervention effect Mechanical direct seeding increased effective panicles relative to hand transplanting.
Observation The demonstration found that mechanical hill-direct-seeded rice could achieve high yields.

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Direct hole sowing overcame the disadvantages of other direct sowing methods.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: disadvantages of other direct sowing methodse4
Direction: overcamee4
Comparator: other direct sowing methodse4

Verbatim

t0
“Direct Hole Sowing of Rice by Holing in Paddy Shallow Water in Japan”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–68

e4
“The technique overcame the disadvantages of other direct sowing methods”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 148–219

Title

Direct Hole Sowing of Rice by Holing in Paddy Shallow Water in Japan

Xueqin Wang Heilongjiang nongye kexue 2007

Other claims from this paper (4)

Method / resource Direct hole sowing gave relatively high rice yield, similar to transplanted rice.
Observation Direct hole sowing reduced the input of materials and labor.
Observation Direct hole sowing enhanced the marketability of rice grains.
Observation Direct hole sowing gave proper control of row spacing, hole spacing and sowing depth.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors regard those positive direct path traits as effective for direct selection.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome: direct selectione0

Verbatim

e0
“indicating the effectiveness of direct selection.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 622–671

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 55–60

Title

Characters Association and Path Coefficient studies in Maize (Zea mays L.) under Rabi Conditions

Amit Kumar Dixit; Anshuman Singh; J. P. Shahi; et al. Trends in Biosciences/Trends in biosciences 2014

Other claims from this paper (2)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Direct seeding decreased direct methane and ammonia emissions.

Treatment: DSD Se0
Outcome: direct CH 4 and NH 3 emissionse0
Direction: decreasede0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“DSD S decreased direct CH 4 and NH 3 emissions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1620–1666

Title

Resource use efficiencies, environmental footprints and net ecosystem economic benefit of direct-seeded double-season rice in central China

Xing Yu; Le Xu; Shen Yuan; et al. Journal of Cleaner Production 2023. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136249

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation Direct-seeded rice produced 222.0 GJ ha −1 total energy output.
Observation Direct-seeded output was comparable to medium-duration transplanted rice.
Observation Direct-seeded output increased 9.5% versus short-duration transplanted rice.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced total energy input 16.9% versus transplanting.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced labor input 53.2%.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced water input 36.8%.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced nitrogen surplus 31.4%.
Intervention effect Direct seeding significantly increased energy, labor, water and nitrogen efficiency.
Intervention effect Direct seeding decreased indirect carbon emissions and reactive nitrogen losses.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced carbon footprint by 28.6–42.7%.
Intervention effect Direct seeding reduced nitrogen footprint by 12.9–14.8%.
Intervention effect Direct seeding increased net ecosystem economic benefit by 65.9–188.2%.
Recommendation The authors recommend direct-seeded rice as promising for high productivity with fewer inputs and impacts.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

the highest response rate, direct shoot regeneration rate and direct shoot generation were related to root explants

Taxon: Lepidium drabaLepidium drabat0
Organ / stage: root explantse0
Outcome: response rate, direct shoot regeneration rate and direct shoot generatione0
Direction: higheste0

Verbatim

e0
“the highest response rate, direct shoot regeneration rate and direct shoot generation were related to root explants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 563–678

t0
“Lepidium draba L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–67

Title

Callus Induction and Direct Shoot Regeneration in Lepidium draba L. Explants

Zahra Zinhari; Shahram Pour Seyyedi; Jafar Zolala DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) 2016. doi:10.22103/jab.2016.1520

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation The highest root production rate and root generation were showed in cotyledons explants
Intervention effect 1 mgl-1 BAP without NAA induced the highest direct shoot generation in root explants
Intervention effect Cotyledons explants in 2 mgl-1 NAA and 0.5 mgl-1 BAP produced the highest Root production rate and the highest root generation
Observation Callus induction rate and callus initiation of stem explants were more than others
Observation the callus regeneration rate in three studied explants showed no significant difference
Observation The highest shoot generation from regenerated callus was observed in the cotyledons explants
Intervention effect The highest investigated traits were in the 16h photoperiod
Observation Cotyledons and stem explants were showed the highest callus induction rate
Observation Cotyledons and stem explants were showed the highest callus induction rate
Observation leaf explants showed the greatest weight of callus
Observation the highest callus regeneration rate and callus growth rate were obtained from the root explants
Intervention effect From leaf explants, the highest callus weight was obtained from 0.5 mgl-1 2,4-D with 3 mgl-1 BAP
Intervention effect the most growth rate of callus was obtained from 0.5 and 1 mgl-1 2,4-D and 3 mgl-1 BAP
Intervention effect the most growth rate of callus was obtained from 0.5 and 1 mgl-1 2,4-D and 3 mgl-1 BAP
Intervention effect the combination of 2 mgl-1 2,4-D with 2 mgl-1 BAP and 3 mgl-1 BAP, produced the highest callus regeneration in root explants
Intervention effect the combination of 2 mgl-1 2,4-D with 2 mgl-1 BAP and 3 mgl-1 BAP, produced the highest callus regeneration in root explants

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Direct drilling retarded early wheat growth.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: Direct drillinge1
Outcome: early wheat growthe0
Direction: retardede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“it retarded early wheat growth”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–880

e1
“Direct drilling”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 772–787

Title

Direct drilling experiments with wheat

TG Reeves; A Ellington Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 1974. doi:10.1071/ea9740237

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Cultivated wheat grew better than direct-drilled wheat from emergence to heading in 1968 and 1969.
Intervention effect Wheat grain yields did not differ between cultivated and direct-drilled plots in 1968 and 1969.
Intervention effect Direct drilling increased wheat grain yield by 0.97 tonne ha-1 in 1970.
Intervention effect Nitrogen fertilizer at seeding increased wheat herbage dry matter.
Intervention effect Nitrogen fertilizer at seeding increased wheat herbage nitrogen content.
Intervention effect Nitrogen fertilizer at seeding increased fertile tiller production in wheat.
Intervention effect Nitrogen fertilizer at seeding increased wheat grain yield under both establishment methods.
Observation Soil mineral nitrogen at seeding was lower on cultivated than direct-drilled plots.
Observation Incubation nitrogen did not differ between wheat establishment methods in any year.
Intervention effect Direct drilling did not adversely affect mineralization of soil nitrogen.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors advise simplified direct seeding for rice varieties tolerant to direct seeding.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: simplified direct seeding is advised for varieties tolerant to direct seedinge0

Verbatim

e0
“simplified direct seeding is advised for varieties tolerant to direct seeding”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1479–1556

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–36

Title

Preliminary Study on Optimizing Rice Production in Cold Regions: Yield and Nutritional Trade-Offs Between Transplanting and Mechanical Hill-Drop Seeding

Huaguo Ding; Songjin Zhou; Jiabao Han; et al. Agronomy 2026. doi:10.3390/agronomy16010134

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Transplanting significantly increased rice yield relative to direct seeding.
Intervention effect Transplanting significantly increased effective tiller number by 2.6 tillers per hill.
Intervention effect Transplanting significantly increased filled grains per panicle by 12.4 grains.
Intervention effect Transplanting increased grain weight per hill.
Intervention effect Thousand-grain weight did not differ significantly between cultivation methods.
Intervention effect Cultivation method had no significant effect on measured N, P and K contents.
Intervention effect Cultivation method had no significant effect on measured Fe, starch and fat.
Intervention effect Zn content was an exception to the nutrients unaffected by cultivation method.
Association Cultivation method effects on rice tiller number and filled grains per panicle varied significantly by variety.
Observation Qijing 2 was more suitable for transplanting to achieve high yield potential.
Observation Tiandao 261 was more suitable for transplanting to achieve high yield potential.
Observation Longgeng 3038 obtained relatively high yields under direct seeding.
Observation Tianxiangdao 9 obtained relatively high yields under direct seeding.
Recommendation The authors recommend transplanting high-yield-potential rice varieties.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Tillage direct seeding gave higher rape yield than no-tillage direct seeding.

Taxon: rapeBrassica napuse0
Treatment: tillage direct seedinge0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: no-tillage direct seedinge0

Verbatim

e0
“yield of the same rape variety planted by tillage direct seeding had higher than that planted by no-tillage direct seeding”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 752–874

Title

Benefit Comparison to Different Cropping Patterns of Rice-Wheat(Rape) in Jinhua and Quzhou Area

Shanyu Chen Anhui nongye kexue 2012

Other claims from this paper (11)

Association Rape varieties differed significantly in yield.
Observation Zheyou 50 had the highest rape yield.
Observation Zheshaung 72 had the highest rape yield.
Recommendation No-tillage direct seeding and Zheyou 50 were recommended for rape in Jinhua and Quzhou.
Intervention effect Zhongzheyou No.1 yield did not differ significantly between direct seeding and transplanting.
Intervention effect Yongyou No.9 yield did not differ significantly between direct seeding and transplanting.
Intervention effect Direct seeding Zhongzheyou No.1 saved costs and added income of 1 911 CNY/ha relative to transplanting, improving overall efficiency.
Intervention effect Direct seeding Yongyou No.9 saved costs and added income of 1 716 CNY/ha relative to transplanting, improving overall efficiency.
Intervention effect Yangmai 14 showed no obvious differences in growth period and yield among planting patterns.
Intervention effect No-tillage direct seeding saved costs and added income of 1 110 CNY/ha for Yangmai 14.
Recommendation No-tillage direct seedling was recommended for Yangmai 14 wheat.

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