Abstract
Isolation of microorganisms occurring on the phyllopane of tomato leaves yielded many Basillus and Trichoderma strains. The isolated Bacillus spp. were purified and identified as B. chitinosporus, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the isolated Trichoderma spp. were, T. album, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. harzianum and T.veredi. All the tested Bacillus and Trichoderma strains caused significant inhibition to the germinated conidia of Leveillula taurica (imperfect stage = Oidiopsis taurica) the causal of tomato powdery mildew compared with control treatment. In addition, B. thuringiensis B. subtilis and B. chitinosporus were the most efficient bacteria in this regard and T. harzianum and T. veredi were the most efficient fungi. The inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, humic acid, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing the tested concentration. In plastic house experiments, spraying tomato plants with the tested bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid resulted in significant reduction to powdery mildew severity during 2012/2013 and 2013/ 2014 growing seasons. Spraying of the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid, each alone or in different combinations, resulted in significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the produced fruit yield. Furthermore, spraying any of these compounds alone was of less effect in this regard compared with spraying their combinations. However, the fungicide Sumi-8 was the superior in this regard, being 3.7 % disease severity and fruit yield 16.2 k g. / plant followed by the mixture of the three treatments, being 4.6% disease severity and fruit yield 13.7 kg. / plant. The three oxidative-reductive enzymes, i.e. PAL, PO and PPO were greatly increased in the leaves of all sprayed treatments compared with control treatment. In addition, plants sprayed with salicylic acid recorded the highest activity of the three enzymes followed by that sprayed with B. thuringiensis then T. harzianum. Meanwhile, untreated leaves (control) recorded the lowest activity followed by that sprayed with Sumi-8.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Isolation of microorganisms from tomato phyllopane yielded many Bacillus and Trichoderma strains
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Organ / stage
- phyllopane of tomato leavese1
- Outcome
- Isolation of microorganismse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“Isolation of microorganisms occurring on the phyllopane of tomato leaves yielded many Basillus and Trichoderma strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolated Bacillus spp. were identified as five Bacillus species
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Bacillus spp.e2
- Outcome
- identifiede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e2“The isolated Bacillus spp. were purified and identified as B. chitinosporus, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolated Trichoderma spp. comprised five Trichoderma species
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Trichoderma spp.e3
- Outcome
- T. album, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. harzianum and T.veredie3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e3“the isolated Trichoderma spp. were, T. album, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. harzianum and T.veredi”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and Trichoderma strains significantly inhibited germinated conidia of Leveillula taurica compared with control
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus and Trichoderma strainse4
- Interactor
- Leveillula tauricae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus and Trichoderma strainse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- germinated conidiae4
- Direction
- inhibitione4
- Comparator
- control treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e4“All the tested Bacillus and Trichoderma strains caused significant inhibition to the germinated conidia of Leveillula taurica (imperfect stage = Oidiopsis taurica) the causal of tomato powdery mildew compared with control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
B. thuringiensis, B. subtilis and B. chitinosporus were the most efficient bacteria
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- the most efficient bacteria in this regarde5
- Direction
- most efficiente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e5“B. thuringiensis B. subtilis and B. chitinosporus were the most efficient bacteria in this regard”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum and T. veredi were the most efficient fungi
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- the most efficient fungie6
- Direction
- most efficiente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e6“T. harzianum and T. veredi were the most efficient fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance-inducing chemicals bion, chitosan and humic acid significantly reduced germinated conidia compared with control
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bion, chitosan, humic acide7
- Outcome
- germinated conidiae7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Comparator
- control treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e7“The inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, humic acid, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal fungus compared with control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance-inducing chemicals salicylic acid and zinc sulphate significantly reduced germinated conidia compared with control
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid and zinc sulphatee7
- Outcome
- germinated conidiae7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Comparator
- control treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e7“The inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, humic acid, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal fungus compared with control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduction of germinated conidia increased with the tested IRC concentration
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing the tested concentratione1
- Outcome
- reductione1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“This reduction was gradually increased by increasing the tested concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and salicylic acid significantly reduced powdery mildew severity in plastic house trials
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- the tested bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acide1
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- powdery mildew severitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Qualifier
- 2012/2013 and 2013/ 2014 growing seasonse1
- Setting
- plastic house experimentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“In plastic house experiments, spraying tomato plants with the tested bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid resulted in significant reduction to powdery mildew severity during 2012/2013 and 2013/ 2014 growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying the bioagents and salicylic acid alone or combined significantly reduced disease severity
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acide1
- Outcome
- severity of the diseasee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Qualifier
- each alone or in different combinationse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“Spraying of the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid, each alone or in different combinations, resulted in significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the produced fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying the bioagents and salicylic acid alone or combined significantly increased produced fruit yield
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acide1
- Outcome
- produced fruit yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- each alone or in different combinationse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“Spraying of the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid, each alone or in different combinations, resulted in significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the produced fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying any bioagent or chemical alone was less effective than spraying their combinations
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- spraying any of these compounds alonee1
- Outcome
- effect in this regarde1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- spraying their combinationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“spraying any of these compounds alone was of less effect in this regard compared with spraying their combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide Sumi-8 gave 3.7 % disease severity, the best result
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the fungicide Sumi-8e1
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Value
- 3.7 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“the fungicide Sumi-8 was the superior in this regard, being 3.7 % disease severity”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide Sumi-8 gave fruit yield of 16.2 k g. / plant
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the fungicide Sumi-8e1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde2
- Direction
- superiore1
- Value
- 16.2 k g. / plante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“the fungicide Sumi-8 was the superior in this regard, being 3.7 % disease severity”
e2“fruit yield 16.2 k g. / plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixture of the three treatments gave 4.6% disease severity
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the mixture of the three treatmentse1
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Value
- 4.6%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“the mixture of the three treatments, being 4.6% disease severity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixture of the three treatments gave fruit yield of 13.7 kg. / plant
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the mixture of the three treatmentse1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde2
- Value
- 13.7 kg. / plante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“the mixture of the three treatments, being 4.6% disease severity”
e2“fruit yield 13.7 kg. / plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative-reductive enzymes PAL, PO and PPO were greatly increased in leaves of all sprayed treatments compared with control
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- all sprayed treatmentse1
- Gene
- PAL, PO and PPOe1
- Outcome
- oxidative-reductive enzymese1
- Direction
- greatly increasede1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“The three oxidative-reductive enzymes, i.e. PAL, PO and PPO were greatly increased in the leaves of all sprayed treatments compared with control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid spraying gave the highest activity of the three enzymes, above B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- plants sprayed with salicylic acide1
- Outcome
- activity of the three enzymese1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- sprayed with B. thuringiensis then T. harzianume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“plants sprayed with salicylic acid recorded the highest activity of the three enzymes followed by that sprayed with B. thuringiensis then T. harzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated tomato leaves had the lowest enzyme activity
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- untreated leavese1
- Outcome
- activitye1
- Direction
- loweste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Powdery Mildew”
e1“untreated leaves (control) recorded the lowest activity followed by that sprayed with Sumi-8”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.