Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in southern Wisconsin from 1996 to 1998 to evaluate the effects of acetochlor applied preemergence (PRE) followed by nicosulfuron or sethoxydim applied postemergence (POST) and of cultivation on woolly cupgrass control, corn grain yield, and woolly cupgrass seed production. Sethoxydim treatments provided greater woolly cupgrass control than nicosulfuron treatments in 1997 and similar control to nicosulfuron treatments in 1996 and 1998. However, neither herbicide killed all emerged woolly cupgrass plants, regardless of herbicide rate or POST application timing. Late postemergence treatments provided greater season-long control than early postemergence treatments in 1996 and 1998, but there was no difference in control between timings in 1997. Acetochlor applied PRE at 1,800 g ai/ha (1×) followed by nicosulfuron (35 g ai/ha) or sethoxydim (213 g ai/ha) at the registered rate (1×) or at one half of the registered rate (0.5×) consistently provided sufficient woolly cupgrass control to maximize corn yield, regardless of cultivation or POST herbicide application timing. Acetochlor PRE treatments, cultivated and noncultivated, followed by sethoxydim POST and cultivated acetochlor PRE treatments followed by nicosulfuron POST treatments provided sufficient control in each year to limit woolly cupgrass seed production to a level that decreased the predicted future seedbank density, regardless of herbicide rate or POST herbicide application timing. However, noncultivated acetochlor treatments followed by nicosulfuron applied at 1× followed by 0.5× or at 0.5× followed by 0.5× did not consistently reduce seed production to a level that decreased the predicted future seedbank density. These results suggest that the rate of sethoxydim can be reduced to 0.5× if a full rate of acetochlor is applied PRE with little effect on corn yield or woolly cupgrass seedbank density. However, reducing the rate of nicosulfuron to 0.5× following an application of acetochlor at the full rate or reducing both the acetochlor and nicosulfuron or sethoxydim rate to 0.5× is recommended only if a cultivation is planned.Nomenclature: Acetochlor; nicosulfuron; sethoxydim; woolly cupgrass, Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth #3 ERBVI; corn, Zea mays L. ‘DeKalb SR404’, ‘DeKalb DK493SR’.Additional index words: Acetochlor, herbicide rate, herbicide application timing, nicosulfuron, sethoxydim, sethoxydim-resistant corn, woolly cupgrass seed production.Abbreviations: COC, crop oil concentrate; DAT, days after treatment; EPOST, early postemergence; LPOST, late postemergence; OM, organic matter; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; UAN, urea ammonium nitrate.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sethoxydim gave greater woolly cupgrass control than nicosulfuron in 1997.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Sethoxydim treatmentse0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- woolly cupgrass controle0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- nicosulfuron treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sethoxydim treatments provided greater woolly cupgrass control than nicosulfuron treatments in 1997”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sethoxydim and nicosulfuron gave similar control in 1996 and 1998.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Sethoxydim treatmentse1
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse2weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- nicosulfuron treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar control to nicosulfuron treatments in 1996 and 1998”
t0“Corn”
e1“Sethoxydim treatments”
e2“greater woolly cupgrass control than nicosulfuron treatments in 1997”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither herbicide killed all emerged woolly cupgrass.
Verbatim
e0“neither herbicide killed all emerged woolly cupgrass plants, regardless of herbicide rate or POST application timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Late postemergence treatment improved season-long weed control in 1996 and 1998.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Late postemergence treatmentse0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse1weed
- Outcome
- season-long controle0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- early postemergence treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late postemergence treatments provided greater season-long control than early postemergence treatments in 1996 and 1998”
t0“Corn”
e1“woolly cupgrass control, corn grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Application timing did not change control in 1997.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- timingse0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- between timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no difference in control between timings in 1997”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor then nicosulfuron sufficiently controlled cupgrass to maximize corn yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor applied PRE at 1,800 g ai/ha (1×) followed by nicosulfuron (35 g ai/ha)e0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- maximizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetochlor applied PRE at 1,800 g ai/ha (1×) followed by nicosulfuron (35 g ai/ha) or sethoxydim (213 g ai/ha) at the registered rate (1×) or at one half of the registered rate (0.5×) consistently provided sufficient woolly cupgrass control to maximize corn yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The acetochlor sequences gave sufficient woolly cupgrass control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor applied PRE at 1,800 g ai/ha (1×) followed by nicosulfuron (35 g ai/ha) or sethoxydim (213 g ai/ha)e0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- woolly cupgrass controle0
- Direction
- sufficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetochlor applied PRE at 1,800 g ai/ha (1×) followed by nicosulfuron (35 g ai/ha) or sethoxydim (213 g ai/ha) at the registered rate (1×) or at one half of the registered rate (0.5×) consistently provided sufficient woolly cupgrass control to maximize corn yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor then sethoxydim suppressed weed seed production enough to reduce predicted seedbank density.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor PRE treatments, cultivated and noncultivated, followed by sethoxydim POSTe0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse1weed
- Outcome
- woolly cupgrass seed productione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetochlor PRE treatments, cultivated and noncultivated, followed by sethoxydim POST”
t0“Corn”
e1“limit woolly cupgrass seed production to a level that decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Noncultivated acetochlor then nicosulfuron did not consistently suppress seed production sufficiently.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- noncultivated acetochlor treatments followed by nicosulfurone0
- Interactor
- woolly cupgrasse1weed
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- did not consistently reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“noncultivated acetochlor treatments followed by nicosulfuron applied at 1× followed by 0.5× or at 0.5× followed by 0.5× did not consistently reduce seed production to a level that decreased the predicted future seedbank density”
t0“Corn”
e1“woolly cupgrass seedbank density”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest half-rate sethoxydim following full-rate acetochlor.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- rate of sethoxydim can be reduced to 0.5×e0
- Qualifier
- if a full rate of acetochlor is applied PREe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rate of sethoxydim can be reduced to 0.5× if a full rate of acetochlor is applied PRE with little effect on corn yield or woolly cupgrass seedbank density”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend reduced nicosulfuron rates only when cultivation is planned.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- reducing the rate of nicosulfuron to 0.5×e0
- Qualifier
- only if a cultivation is plannede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the rate of nicosulfuron to 0.5× following an application of acetochlor at the full rate or reducing both the acetochlor and nicosulfuron or sethoxydim rate to 0.5× is recommended only if a cultivation is planned”
t0“Corn”
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