Abstract
Effects of various fertilizers such as farmyard manure (FM), urea, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, including the genera Azotobacter and Azospirillium) were checked on yield, fatty acids, protein, and oil contents of sunflower. A two-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid region in Iran in 2007 and 2008. The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, with five fertilizer treatments as the main plots and two PGPR treatments as sub plots. Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers. The maximum and minimum oil contents were obtained by applying 100 % farmyard manure (F1) and 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3), respectively; however, opposite results were observed for protein content. When higher FM rates were used with PGPR, the saturated fatty acids (palmetic and stearic acids) declined significantly, while unsaturated ones (linoleic and oleic acids) were increased. The highest contents of linoleic acid (52.6%) and oleic acid (39.8%) were observed in F3 and F1 treatments, respectively. Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased leaf area index relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased plant height relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased grain production relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased biomass relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased oil yield relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilizers significantly increased protein content relative to organic or chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- organic or chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Results demonstrated that the integrated fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index, plant height, grain production, biomass, oil yield, and protein content in comparison with organic or chemical fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
100 % farmyard manure (F1) gave maximum oil contents.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 100 % farmyard manure (F1)e0
- Outcome
- oil contentse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The maximum and minimum oil contents were obtained by applying 100 % farmyard manure (F1) and 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3), respectively; however, opposite results were observed for protein content.”
Claim · model-written summary
50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3) gave minimum oil contents.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3)e0
- Outcome
- oil contentse0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The maximum and minimum oil contents were obtained by applying 100 % farmyard manure (F1) and 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3), respectively; however, opposite results were observed for protein content.”
Claim · model-written summary
100 % farmyard manure (F1) gave minimum protein content.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 100 % farmyard manure (F1)e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The maximum and minimum oil contents were obtained by applying 100 % farmyard manure (F1) and 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3), respectively; however, opposite results were observed for protein content.”
Claim · model-written summary
50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3) gave maximum protein content.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3)e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The maximum and minimum oil contents were obtained by applying 100 % farmyard manure (F1) and 50 % FM + 50 % chemical (F3), respectively; however, opposite results were observed for protein content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher FM rates with PGPR declined palmetic and stearic acids.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- higher FM ratese0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- palmetic and stearic acidse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“When higher FM rates were used with PGPR, the saturated fatty acids (palmetic and stearic acids) declined significantly, while unsaturated ones (linoleic and oleic acids) were increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher FM rates with PGPR increased linoleic and oleic acids.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- higher FM ratese0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- linoleic and oleic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“When higher FM rates were used with PGPR, the saturated fatty acids (palmetic and stearic acids) declined significantly, while unsaturated ones (linoleic and oleic acids) were increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
F3 had the highest linoleic acid content of 52.6%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- F3e0
- Outcome
- linoleic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The highest contents of linoleic acid (52.6%) and oleic acid (39.8%) were observed in F3 and F1 treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
F1 had the highest oleic acid content of 39.8%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- F1e0
- Outcome
- oleic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 39.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“The highest contents of linoleic acid (52.6%) and oleic acid (39.8%) were observed in F3 and F1 treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased leaf area index up to 12%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased plant height up to 3.7%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased biomass up to 7.8%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased grain up to 10%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased oil yields up to 6.5%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- oil yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased oil and protein contents up to 5.6 and 5%, respectively.
- Taxon
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- oil and protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.6 and 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“Bacterial inoculation also increased the leaf area index, plant height, biomass, grain and oil yields, oil and protein contents up to 12, 3.7, 7.8, 10, 6.5, 5.6 and 5%, respectively.”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.