Abstract
SUMMARY Apple tissue was frozen at different temperatures and in different solutions, thawed, examined microscopically and tested for resistance to compression (firmness). In slow freezing, ice crystals separated the cells, crushed them, and ruptured ceil walls to produce radial splits in the tissue. The mechanical freezing damage occurs during freezing rather than during thawing. The firmness of frozen tissue was much lower than that of raw tissue. The effect of most added solutes was to minimize ice‐caused damage and to increase firmness with increasing concentration. The lower the temperature of freezing, the firmer was the tissue and the less was the amount of tissue disruption. The maximum firmness of frozen tissue was about half that of raw tissue, with the major decrease in strength due to loss of turgor. Firmness was increased to about twice that of raw tissue by immersion of the raw tissue in salt solutions at ‐2°C or at lower temperatures if the solutions remained unfrozen.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Slow freezing damaged apple cells and walls, producing radial tissue splits.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- slow freezinge0
- Outcome
- radial splits in the tissuee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“In slow freezing, ice crystals separated the cells, crushed them, and ruptured ceil walls to produce radial splits in the tissue.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical freezing damage occurred during freezing.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- mechanical freezing damagee0
- Qualifier
- during freezing rather than during thawinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The mechanical freezing damage occurs during freezing rather than during thawing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Frozen tissue had much lower firmness than raw tissue.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- raw tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The firmness of frozen tissue was much lower than that of raw tissue.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most added solutes minimized ice damage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- most added solutese0
- Outcome
- ice‐caused damagee0
- Direction
- minimizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The effect of most added solutes was to minimize ice‐caused damage and to increase firmness with increasing concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most added solutes increased firmness as concentration increased.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- most added solutese0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- with increasing concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The effect of most added solutes was to minimize ice‐caused damage and to increase firmness with increasing concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower freezing temperature yielded firmer tissue.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- temperature of freezinge0
- Outcome
- firmer was the tissuee0
- Direction
- firmere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The lower the temperature of freezing, the firmer was the tissue and the less was the amount of tissue disruption.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower freezing temperature was associated with less tissue disruption.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- temperature of freezinge0
- Outcome
- tissue disruptione0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The lower the temperature of freezing, the firmer was the tissue and the less was the amount of tissue disruption.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum frozen-tissue firmness was about half that of raw tissue.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- firmness of frozen tissuee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- about halfe0
- Comparator
- raw tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The maximum firmness of frozen tissue was about half that of raw tissue, with the major decrease in strength due to loss of turgor.”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of turgor accounted for the major decrease in frozen-tissue strength.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- decrease in strengthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- loss of turgore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“The maximum firmness of frozen tissue was about half that of raw tissue, with the major decrease in strength due to loss of turgor.”
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion of raw tissue in salt solutions at −2°C or lower while unfrozen increased firmness to about twice raw tissue.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- immersion of the raw tissue in salt solutions at ‐2°C or at lower temperaturese0
- Outcome
- Firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about twicee0
- Qualifier
- if the solutions remained unfrozene0
- Comparator
- raw tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tissue”
e0“Firmness was increased to about twice that of raw tissue by immersion of the raw tissue in salt solutions at ‐2°C or at lower temperatures if the solutions remained unfrozen.”
The same questions in other papers
application · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
57 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
70 papers more in this group
See all 74 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.