Abstract
Flavonoids constitute a group of polyphenols widely distributed in plants and are assumed to have beneficial effects on human health when present in food. The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves was determined at the developmental stage of each organ. Phenolic levels decreased on a dry weight basis during the seasonal development of fruits and leaves with respect to their ontogenesis but the single compounds did not behave uniformly. A shift in flavanol pools from monomeric to oligomeric structures during fruit growth indicated the biosynthetic tendency towards the formation of procyanidins at the end of the growing period. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the separation and determination of three major flavones: sinensetin (SEN), rutin (RU) and 3'-hydroxy-5, 6, 7, 4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) and rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid derivative in the pink skin of apple fruit. The GC-MS method was applied for the quantification of SEN, RU, TMF and RA in apple fruit collected from different local markets of Bangladesh during the period of November 2008. Apple fruit skin contains several bioactive phytochemicals including polyphenols such as flavones and phenolic acids. Dehydrated apple skin powder was used to evaluate the recovery of selected flavones and rosmarinic acid using water, methanol, acetone, chloroform, aqueous 50% methanol, and aqueous 70% acetone at 40oC. The retrieved extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative GC-MS analysis. Highest amount of sinensetin (SEN) and rutin (RU) was found in the chloroform extract, which was obtained for 4 to 6 hours of extraction at 40oC. Higher proportion of 3'-hydroxy-5, 6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) was obtained in pure acetone and as well as 70% acetone where the extraction period 4 to 6 hours, respectively. Similar yield of rosmarinic acid (RA) was obtained in aqueous 70% acetone extracts when the periods of extraction were 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, respectively.Key words: Quantification, Malus sylvestris, Lipophillic flavones, GC-MS
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic levels in apple fruit and leaves decreased on a dry weight basis through seasonal development.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- fruits and leavese0
- Outcome
- Phenolic levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- on a dry weight basis during the seasonal developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenolic levels decreased on a dry weight basis during the seasonal development of fruits and leaves”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual phenolic compounds did not behave uniformly through development.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- single compoundse0
- Direction
- did not behave uniformlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the single compounds did not behave uniformly”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
During fruit growth, flavanol pools shifted from monomeric to oligomeric structures.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- flavanol poolse0
- Direction
- shifte0
- Qualifier
- from monomeric to oligomeric structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A shift in flavanol pools from monomeric to oligomeric structures during fruit growth”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The flavanol shift indicated procyanidin biosynthesis toward the end of fruit growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- formation of procyanidinse0
- Qualifier
- biosynthetic tendencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicated the biosynthetic tendency towards the formation of procyanidins at the end of the growing period”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
A GC-MS method was developed to separate and determine four apple skin constituents.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- separation and determinatione0
- Value
- three major flavonese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the separation and determination of three major flavones: sinensetin (SEN), rutin (RU) and 3'-hydroxy-5, 6, 7, 4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) and rosmarinic acid (RA)”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple skin contained flavones and phenolic acids among bioactive phytochemicals.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruit skine0
- Outcome
- flavones and phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit skin contains several bioactive phytochemicals including polyphenols such as flavones and phenolic acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroform extraction for 4 to 6 hours at 40oC yielded the highest sinensetin amount.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chloroform extracte0
- Outcome
- sinensetin (SEN)e0
- Direction
- Higheste0
- Qualifier
- 4 to 6 hours of extraction at 40oCe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest amount of sinensetin (SEN) and rutin (RU) was found in the chloroform extract, which was obtained for 4 to 6 hours of extraction at 40oC.”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroform extraction for 4 to 6 hours at 40oC yielded the highest rutin amount.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chloroform extracte0
- Outcome
- rutin (RU)e0
- Direction
- Higheste0
- Qualifier
- 4 to 6 hours of extraction at 40oCe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest amount of sinensetin (SEN) and rutin (RU) was found in the chloroform extract, which was obtained for 4 to 6 hours of extraction at 40oC.”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pure acetone yielded a higher TMF proportion after 4 to 6 hours.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pure acetonee0
- Outcome
- 3'-hydroxy-5, 6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF)e0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Qualifier
- 4 to 6 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher proportion of 3'-hydroxy-5, 6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) was obtained in pure acetone and as well as 70% acetone where the extraction period 4 to 6 hours”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
70% acetone yielded a higher TMF proportion after 4 to 6 hours.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 70% acetonee0
- Outcome
- 3'-hydroxy-5, 6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF)e0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Qualifier
- 4 to 6 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher proportion of 3'-hydroxy-5, 6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) was obtained in pure acetone and as well as 70% acetone where the extraction period 4 to 6 hours”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous 70% acetone gave similar rosmarinic acid yield after 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- aqueous 70% acetone extractse0
- Outcome
- rosmarinic acid (RA)e0
- Direction
- Similare0
- Comparator
- 2, 4, 6 and 8 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar yield of rosmarinic acid (RA) was obtained in aqueous 70% acetone extracts when the periods of extraction were 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours”
t0“The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.