Abstract
SummaryThe effects of chitosan or a yeast extract on the production of secondary metabolites and on the induction of plant defence responses in cell suspension cultures of Malus × domestica Borkh. were investigated. Chitosan or yeast extract enhanced the production of phenolic acids by 1.5-fold and by 2.0-fold after 3 d of culture following elicitor treatment, respectively, compared to untreated control cell suspension cultures. The production of specific phenolic acids responded differently to chitosan and to yeast extract. Among the dominant phenolic acids, the production of p-coumaric acid was stimulated by chitosan and by yeast extract up to 10.3-fold and 5.1-fold within 3 d, respectively, compared with the concentration in control cultures within 3 d. Chlorogenic acid concentrations were increased 2.7-fold within 3 d of culture by yeast extract treatment compared to the controls. There was no difference in the amount of phenolic acids released into the culture medium between control and elicitor-treated cultures, indicating that these elicitors had no effect on the release or transport of phenolic acids. In addition, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was reduced up to 33% by elicitation. While yeast extract maintained control levels of cell growth in culture, chitosan inhibited cell growth in culture by 72%.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased phenolic acid production 1.5-fold.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Chitosane0
- Outcome
- production of phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.5-folde0
- Qualifier
- after 3 de0
- Comparator
- untreated control cell suspension culturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan or yeast extract enhanced the production of phenolic acids by 1.5-fold and by 2.0-fold after 3 d of culture following elicitor treatment, respectively, compared to untreated control cell suspension cultures.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract increased phenolic acid production 2.0-fold.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte0
- Outcome
- production of phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.0-folde0
- Qualifier
- after 3 de0
- Comparator
- untreated control cell suspension culturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan or yeast extract enhanced the production of phenolic acids by 1.5-fold and by 2.0-fold after 3 d of culture following elicitor treatment, respectively, compared to untreated control cell suspension cultures.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased p-coumaric acid production up to 10.3-fold.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- production of p-coumaric acide0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 10.3-folde0
- Qualifier
- within 3 de0
- Comparator
- control culturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the production of p-coumaric acid was stimulated by chitosan and by yeast extract up to 10.3-fold and 5.1-fold within 3 d, respectively, compared with the concentration in control cultures within 3 d.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract increased p-coumaric acid production up to 5.1-fold.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte0
- Outcome
- production of p-coumaric acide0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 5.1-folde0
- Qualifier
- within 3 de0
- Comparator
- control culturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the production of p-coumaric acid was stimulated by chitosan and by yeast extract up to 10.3-fold and 5.1-fold within 3 d, respectively, compared with the concentration in control cultures within 3 d.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract increased chlorogenic acid concentration 2.7-fold.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- yeast extract treatmente0
- Outcome
- Chlorogenic acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.7-folde0
- Qualifier
- within 3 de0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorogenic acid concentrations were increased 2.7-fold within 3 d of culture by yeast extract treatment compared to the controls.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elicitors did not change phenolic acid release into culture medium.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- elicitor-treated culturese0
- Outcome
- amount of phenolic acids released into the culture mediume0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no difference in the amount of phenolic acids released into the culture medium between control and elicitor-treated cultures”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elicitation reduced PAL activity up to 33%.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- elicitatione0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was reduced up to 33% by elicitation.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract maintained control levels of cell growth.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte0
- Outcome
- cell growthe0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While yeast extract maintained control levels of cell growth in culture”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan inhibited cell growth by 72%.
- Taxon
- Malus × domestica Borkh.Malus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- cell growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan inhibited cell growth in culture by 72%.”
t0“Malus × domestica Borkh.”
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