Abstract
In a glasshouse trial, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was grown in a Vertisol from the Darling Downs, Qld. The experimental design included two rates of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (nil and inoculated), three rates of phosphorus (P) application and two of zinc (Zn), and inoculation (nil and inoculated) with a recently discovered pathogen of pigeonpea, Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Pdr). lnoculation with the pathogen was included in the factorial design to investigate any effect of VAM on root rot. Plants responded to inoculation with VAM fungi, showing that the growth of pigeonpea is highly dependent upon mycorrhizal colonization of its root system. The mycorrhizal plants yielded, on average, 3.3 times the dry weight of the non-mycorrhizal plants. Shoot dry weight and Zn concentration of the shoots were both exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length ( R2 values of 0.904 and 0.644 respectively) and P concentration was linearly related to VAM colonization (R2 = 0.888). VAM increased P concentration, P uptake, Zn concentration, Zn uptake and P/Zn ratio, indicating enhanced growth through improved P and to a lesser extent Zn nutrition. Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) without Phytophthora inoculation was fungitoxic to the mycorrhizae, decreasing per cent VAM colonization and depressing plant growth. lnoculation with Pdr did not result in infection and root rot symptoms. However, it did overcome the Zn toxicity, possibly through organic chelation effects, and thereby enhanced VAM colonization. Greatest VAM colonization and best plant nutrition and growth were obtained with the combination of VAM inoculation, Pdr inoculation, Zn (15 mg kg-1) and P (10 mg kg-1). Our results indicate the importance of maintaining adequate levels of VAM fungi in soil through appropriate agricultural practices in order to maximize pigeonpea growth.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Pigeonpea growth responded to inoculation with VAM fungi, with growth increased.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea
Cajanus cajant0 - Treatment
- inoculation with VAM fungie0
- Interactor
- VAM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e0“Plants responded to inoculation with VAM fungi, showing that the growth of pigeonpea is highly dependent upon mycorrhizal colonization of its root system”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal pigeonpea plants yielded on average 3.3 times the dry weight of non-mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 3.3 timese1
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhizal plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e1“The mycorrhizal plants yielded, on average, 3.3 times the dry weight of the non-mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry weight of pigeonpea was exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length (R2 0.904).
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- per cent VAM colonization of the root lengthe2
- Outcome
- Shoot dry weighte2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.904e2
- Qualifier
- exponentially relatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e2“Shoot dry weight and Zn concentration of the shoots were both exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length ( R2 values of 0.904 and 0.644 respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentration of the shoots of pigeonpea was exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length (R2 0.644).
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- per cent VAM colonization of the root lengthe2
- Outcome
- Zn concentration of the shootse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.644e2
- Qualifier
- exponentially relatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e2“Shoot dry weight and Zn concentration of the shoots were both exponentially related to per cent VAM colonization of the root length ( R2 values of 0.904 and 0.644 respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
P concentration of pigeonpea was linearly related to VAM colonization (R2 0.888).
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- VAM colonizatione3
- Outcome
- P concentratione3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 0.888e3
- Qualifier
- linearly relatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e3“P concentration was linearly related to VAM colonization (R2 = 0.888)”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM increased P concentration, P uptake and Zn concentration of pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- VAMe4
- Interactor
- VAMe4symbiont
- Outcome
- P concentration, P uptake, Zn concentratione4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e4“VAM increased P concentration, P uptake, Zn concentration, Zn uptake and P/Zn ratio, indicating enhanced growth through improved P and to a lesser extent Zn nutrition”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM increased Zn uptake and the P/Zn ratio of pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- VAMe4
- Interactor
- VAMe4symbiont
- Outcome
- Zn uptake and P/Zn ratioe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e4“VAM increased P concentration, P uptake, Zn concentration, Zn uptake and P/Zn ratio, indicating enhanced growth through improved P and to a lesser extent Zn nutrition”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) decreased per cent VAM colonization of pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil)e5
- Outcome
- per cent VAM colonizatione5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e5“Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) without Phytophthora inoculation was fungitoxic to the mycorrhizae, decreasing per cent VAM colonization and depressing plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) depressed plant growth of pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil)e5
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- depressinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e5“Zinc fertilizer (15 mg kg-1 soil) without Phytophthora inoculation was fungitoxic to the mycorrhizae, decreasing per cent VAM colonization and depressing plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Phytophthora drechsleri (Pdr) did not result in infection or root rot symptoms in pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- lnoculation with Pdre6
- Interactor
- Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Pdr)Phytophthora drechslerie7pathogen
- Outcome
- infection and root rot symptomse6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e6“lnoculation with Pdr did not result in infection and root rot symptoms”
e7“recently discovered pathogen of pigeonpea, Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Pdr)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pdr inoculation overcame Zn toxicity and enhanced VAM colonization in pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- lnoculation with Pdre6
- Outcome
- VAM colonizatione7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Qualifier
- overcome the Zn toxicitye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e6“lnoculation with Pdr did not result in infection and root rot symptoms”
e7“However, it did overcome the Zn toxicity, possibly through organic chelation effects, and thereby enhanced VAM colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic chelation effects possibly explain how Pdr overcame Zn toxicity in pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Outcome
- Zn toxicitye7
- Qualifier
- organic chelation effectse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e7“However, it did overcome the Zn toxicity, possibly through organic chelation effects, and thereby enhanced VAM colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of VAM inoculation, Pdr inoculation, Zn and P gave the greatest VAM colonization and the best plant nutrition and growth of pigeonpea.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- VAM inoculation, Pdr inoculation, Zn (15 mg kg-1) and P (10 mg kg-1)e5
- Interactor
- VAMe5symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pdre5pathogen
- Outcome
- VAM colonization and best plant nutrition and growthe5
- Direction
- Greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e5“Greatest VAM colonization and best plant nutrition and growth were obtained with the combination of VAM inoculation, Pdr inoculation, Zn (15 mg kg-1) and P (10 mg kg-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend maintaining adequate levels of VAM fungi in soil through appropriate agricultural practices to maximize pigeonpea growth.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajant0
- Outcome
- maintaining adequate levels of VAM fungi in soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigeonpea”
e1“Our results indicate the importance of maintaining adequate levels of VAM fungi in soil through appropriate agricultural practices in order to maximize pigeonpea growth”
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See all 7 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.