Abstract
Abstract Large overwinter losses of fall‐applied fertilizer N from midwestern U.S. soils occur through leaching and denitrification. These losses result in decreased efficiency in the utilization of applied N and often in lower crop yields. Of the various management techniques available to reduce N losses, previous studies with spring‐applied N suggested that inhibiting nitrification of applied ammonium with specific chemicals appears to be most compatible with current fertilization and crop production practices. We tested the effectiveness of a specific nitrification inhibitor, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), in reducing losses of fall‐applied N by comparing the growth, disease incidence, and yield of corn growing in field plots receiving anhydrous ammonia with those treated with anhydrous ammonia containing the inhibitor. Three field experiments on two soil types (Typic Argivdoll coarse‐loamy, mixed mesic and Vertic Halpla‐quoll fine, montmorillonitic, mesic) demonstrated that inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammonium markedly increased grain yields and grain protein and decreased the incidence of stalk rot in corn. Corn yields were increased as much as 207% (average increase was 68%) as a result of applying 0.55 kg of nitrapyrin/ha with fall‐applied anhydrous ammonia when compared to yields obtained with anhydrous ammonia without the nitrification inhibitor. In all experiments, stalk rot incidence in corn was reduced as a result of inhibition of nitrification — the reductions varied from 60 to 96%. In two experiments, grain protein content was increased by 7 to 38% as a result of application of nitrapyrin with fall‐applied N. The results of this study indicate that severe losses of N may occur as a result of fall application of N fertilizers and that these losses may be markedly reduced by using a nitrification inhibitor to minimize the formation of nitrate. The increased yield and grain protein obtained from nitrapyrin addition likely resulted from greater availability of N in nitrapyrin‐treated plots. The reduction in stalk rot may have resulted from altered N metabolism in plants growing in nitrapyrin‐treated plots because of the uptake of substantial amounts of ammonium. This was indicated since stalk rot was reduced by nitrapyrin in plots which were not under N stress. Another explanation for reduced stalk rot may reside in the fact that nitrapyrin‐treated plots had more vigorous plants than plots not receiving the nitrification inhibitor. The data also suggest that N application rates used for corn production may be decreased with no loss in yield if a nitrification inhibitor is used to minimize losses of applied N.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting nitrification increased grain yields.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammoniume0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three field experiments on two soil types (Typic Argivdoll coarse‐loamy, mixed mesic and Vertic Halpla‐quoll fine, montmorillonitic, mesic) demonstrated that inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammonium markedly increased grain yields and grain protein and decreased the incidence of stalk rot in corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting nitrification increased grain protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammoniume0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three field experiments on two soil types (Typic Argivdoll coarse‐loamy, mixed mesic and Vertic Halpla‐quoll fine, montmorillonitic, mesic) demonstrated that inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammonium markedly increased grain yields and grain protein and decreased the incidence of stalk rot in corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting nitrification decreased incidence of stalk rot.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammoniume0
- Outcome
- incidence of stalk rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three field experiments on two soil types (Typic Argivdoll coarse‐loamy, mixed mesic and Vertic Halpla‐quoll fine, montmorillonitic, mesic) demonstrated that inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammonium markedly increased grain yields and grain protein and decreased the incidence of stalk rot in corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased corn yields by up to 207%, averaging 68%.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 0.55 kg of nitrapyrin/ha with fall‐applied anhydrous ammoniae0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 207%e0
- Qualifier
- average increase was 68%e0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammonia without the nitrification inhibitore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yields were increased as much as 207% (average increase was 68%) as a result of applying 0.55 kg of nitrapyrin/ha with fall‐applied anhydrous ammonia when compared to yields obtained with anhydrous ammonia without the nitrification inhibitor.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrification inhibition reduced stalk rot incidence by 60 to 96%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- inhibition of nitrificatione0
- Outcome
- stalk rot incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60 to 96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all experiments, stalk rot incidence in corn was reduced as a result of inhibition of nitrification — the reductions varied from 60 to 96%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin with fall-applied N raised grain protein by 7 to 38%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- application of nitrapyrin with fall‐applied Ne0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7 to 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In two experiments, grain protein content was increased by 7 to 38% as a result of application of nitrapyrin with fall‐applied N.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed yield and protein gains to greater nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- nitrapyrin additione0
- Outcome
- increased yield and grain proteine0
- Qualifier
- greater availability of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased yield and grain protein obtained from nitrapyrin addition likely resulted from greater availability of N in nitrapyrin‐treated plots.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed altered N metabolism as a reason for reduced stalk rot.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- nitrapyrin‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- reduction in stalk rote0
- Qualifier
- altered N metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in stalk rot may have resulted from altered N metabolism in plants growing in nitrapyrin‐treated plots because of the uptake of substantial amounts of ammonium.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed greater plant vigor as another explanation for reduced stalk rot.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- nitrapyrin‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- reduced stalk rote0
- Qualifier
- more vigorous plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another explanation for reduced stalk rot may reside in the fact that nitrapyrin‐treated plots had more vigorous plants than plots not receiving the nitrification inhibitor.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reducing N application rates when using a nitrification inhibitor without yield loss.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- nitrification inhibitore0
- Outcome
- N application rates used for corn production may be decreased with no loss in yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The data also suggest that N application rates used for corn production may be decreased with no loss in yield if a nitrification inhibitor is used to minimize losses of applied N.”
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