Abstract
1. In order to clarify the effects of N nutrition on the fruit qualities of Satsuma oranges, N rate experiment was carried out for 4 years on 16-year-old trees growing in concrete frame on diluvial loamy land of Ehime Fruit Tree Exp. Station. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate were respectively applied at the annual rates of 0 (non N), 200 (low N), 400 (medium N) and 800g (high N) of N per tree. The rates were split equally into March, April, July and November application. Other fertilizer elements were applied uniformly to all plots.2. No difference in leaf N among N rates was found in the 1st year. Though the N concentration in relation to age of leaf varied substantially from year to year, there was the significant increase in leaf N of high N fertilized trees after the 2nd year, and the decrease in the non N. However, leaf N was not greatly different between the trees under low and medium N plot. Means of N concentration in 4- to 6-month-old leaves during the 3 years, the 2 nd to the 4th year, were as follows: 2.72, 2.94, 3.05 and 3.21 per cent in dry basis in the order of non, low, medium and high N plot. In October of the 4th year, the leaf N in non N plot decreased to about 2.60 per cent that seems to be the upper limit of low range for the nutrient status of Satsuma orange trees.3. Yield during 4 years was not affected by N rates, and also tree vigor was not appreciably different among the low, medium and high N plot. Fruit qualities were not influenced by N rates in the 1st year. After the 2nd year, fruits showed that with increased amounts of applied N, soluble solids and acid in juice were increased, and ratios of soluble solids to acid except the 4th year were lowered. Especially in the 4th year, there was the significant difference in juice qualities among N rates respectively. The degree of increase in acid of fruits grown on the high N fertilized trees was greater than that in soluble solids. High N fertilization tended to produce a high proportion of late and poorly colored fruits with slightly thick and coarse-textured rind.4. When the status of bearing was differential, N fertilization influenced greatly more on the juice quality in abundant bearing (small fruits) than in less bearing (large fruits). Conspicuous variation of juice quality from year to year was dominantly caused by the difference of meteorological condition in autumn. In this experiment, the fruit qualities of Satsuma oranges appeared to be affected greatly more by meteorological condition than by N fertilization. The difference of juice acid due to N fertilization occurred in young fruits in July or August. The same trend was found also in soluble solids 3 months before harvest.5. The application of ammonium nitrate produced somewhat lighter green foliage and colored fruits than that of ammonium sulphate. Soluble solids and acid in juice were both slightly decreased by the application of ammonium nitrate, but ratio of soluble solids to acid was somewhat higher in ammonium nitrate than in ammonium sulphate. When calcium nitrate was compared with ammonium sulphate in pot experiment with young Satsuma orange trees, the fruit qualities showed remarkable difference with the same tendency.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen did not differ among nitrogen rates in the first year.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orange
Citrus unshiut0 - Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- leaf Ne0
- Direction
- No differencee0
- Qualifier
- 1st yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No difference in leaf N among N rates was found in the 1st year”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilization significantly increased leaf nitrogen after the second year.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- high N fertilizede0
- Outcome
- leaf Ne0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- after the 2nd yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was the significant increase in leaf N of high N fertilized trees after the 2nd year”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen decreased without nitrogen fertilization after the second year.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- non Ne0
- Outcome
- decreasee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease in the non N”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen differed little between low and medium nitrogen plots.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- leaf Ne0
- Direction
- not greatly differente0
- Comparator
- medium N plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf N was not greatly different between the trees under low and medium N plot”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean leaf nitrogen across years two to four was 2.72, 2.94, 3.05 and 3.21 percent for zero, low, medium and high nitrogen plots.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- 2.72, 2.94, 3.05 and 3.21 per cente0
- Qualifier
- in the order of non, low, medium and high N plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.72, 2.94, 3.05 and 3.21 per cent in dry basis in the order of non, low, medium and high N plot”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen in the zero-nitrogen plot reached about 2.60 percent in October of year four.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Outcome
- leaf Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- about 2.60 per cente0
- Qualifier
- In October of the 4th yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In October of the 4th year, the leaf N in non N plot decreased to about 2.60 per cent”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate did not affect four-year yield.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- during 4 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield during 4 years was not affected by N rates”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Tree vigor was similar across low, medium and high nitrogen plots.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- low, medium and high N plote0
- Outcome
- tree vigore0
- Direction
- not appreciably differente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tree vigor was not appreciably different among the low, medium and high N plot”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality did not respond to nitrogen rate in the first year.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- Fruit qualitiese0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Qualifier
- 1st yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit qualities were not influenced by N rates in the 1st year”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
From year two, more applied nitrogen increased fruit juice soluble solids and acid.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- increased amounts of applied Ne0
- Outcome
- soluble solids and acid in juicee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- After the 2nd yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After the 2nd year, fruits showed that with increased amounts of applied N, soluble solids and acid in juice were increased”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen lowered the soluble solids-to-acid ratio except in year four.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- increased amounts of applied Ne1
- Outcome
- ratios of soluble solids to acide0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- except the 4th yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ratios of soluble solids to acid except the 4th year were lowered”
e1“with increased amounts of applied N”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
In year four, juice qualities differed significantly among nitrogen rates.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- juice qualitiese0
- Qualifier
- in the 4th yeare0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the 4th year, there was the significant difference in juice qualities among N rates respectively”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased fruit acid more than soluble solids.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- high N fertilizede0
- Outcome
- acide0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- soluble solidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The degree of increase in acid of fruits grown on the high N fertilized trees was greater than that in soluble solids”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen tended to increase late, poorly coloured fruit and rind thickness and coarseness.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- High N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- late and poorly colored fruits with slightly thick and coarse-textured rinde0
- Direction
- high proportione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High N fertilization tended to produce a high proportion of late and poorly colored fruits with slightly thick and coarse-textured rind”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization affected juice quality more under abundant than light fruit bearing.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- juice qualitye0
- Direction
- greatly moree0
- Qualifier
- abundant bearing (small fruits)e0
- Comparator
- less bearing (large fruits)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization influenced greatly more on the juice quality in abundant bearing (small fruits) than in less bearing (large fruits)”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn meteorological conditions chiefly explained year-to-year juice quality variation.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Outcome
- variation of juice quality from year to yeare0
- Qualifier
- difference of meteorological condition in autumne0
- Setting
- autumne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conspicuous variation of juice quality from year to year was dominantly caused by the difference of meteorological condition in autumn”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-related differences in fruit juice acid appeared in young fruit in July or August, and soluble solids followed the same trend three months before harvest.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Organ / stage
- young fruitse0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- difference of juice acide0
- Qualifier
- July or Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The difference of juice acid due to N fertilization occurred in young fruits in July or August. The same trend was found also in soluble solids 3 months before harvest”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate produced lighter green foliage and fruit colour than ammonium sulphate.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- ammonium nitratee0
- Outcome
- green foliage and colored fruitse0
- Direction
- lightere0
- Comparator
- ammonium sulphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of ammonium nitrate produced somewhat lighter green foliage and colored fruits than that of ammonium sulphate”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate slightly decreased juice soluble solids and acid relative to ammonium sulphate.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- application of ammonium nitratee0
- Outcome
- Soluble solids and acid in juicee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- ammonium sulphatee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soluble solids and acid in juice were both slightly decreased by the application of ammonium nitrate”
e1“than that of ammonium sulphate”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate yielded a higher soluble solids-to-acid ratio than ammonium sulphate.
- Taxon
- Satsuma orangeCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- ammonium nitratee0
- Outcome
- ratio of soluble solids to acide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ammonium sulphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ratio of soluble solids to acid was somewhat higher in ammonium nitrate than in ammonium sulphate”
t0“Satsuma orange fruits”
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- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.