Abstract
Exposure of imbibed seeds to low temperature (typically 4 degrees C) is widely used to break seed dormancy and to improve the frequency of germination. However, the mechanism by which temperature accelerates germination is largely unknown. Using DNA microarray and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, we found that a subset of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes were upregulated in response to low temperature, resulting in an increase in the level of bioactive GAs and transcript abundance of GA-inducible genes in imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Using a loss-of-function mutant, the cold-inducible GA biosynthesis gene, AtGA3ox1, was shown to play an essential role in mediating the effect of low temperature. Besides temperature, AtGA3ox1 also is positively regulated by active phytochrome and negatively regulated by GA activity. We show that both red light and GA deficiency act in addition to low temperature to elevate the level of AtGA3ox1 transcript, indicating that multiple signals are integrated by the AtGA3ox1 gene to control seed germination. When induced by low temperature, AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detectable by in situ RNA hybridization in an additional set of cell types relative to that in red light-induced seeds. Our results illustrate that the GA biosynthesis and response pathways are activated during seed imbibition at low temperature and suggest that the cellular distribution of bioactive GAs may be altered under different light and temperature conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature upregulated a subset of GA biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a subset of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes were upregulated in response to low temperature”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased bioactive GAs and GA-inducible gene transcripts in imbibed seeds.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Organ / stage
- imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seedse0
- Treatment
- low temperaturet0
- Outcome
- level of bioactive GAs and transcript abundance of GA-inducible genese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in an increase in the level of bioactive GAs and transcript abundance of GA-inducible genes in imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.”
t0“Low Temperature during Imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGA3ox1 was essential in mediating the effect of low temperature.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Outcome
- mediating the effect of low temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cold-inducible GA biosynthesis gene, AtGA3ox1, was shown to play an essential role in mediating the effect of low temperature.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Active phytochrome positively regulated AtGA3ox1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Outcome
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Direction
- positively regulatede0
- Qualifier
- active phytochromee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGA3ox1 also is positively regulated by active phytochrome and negatively regulated by GA activity.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
GA activity negatively regulated AtGA3ox1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Compound
- GAe0
- Outcome
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Direction
- negatively regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGA3ox1 also is positively regulated by active phytochrome and negatively regulated by GA activity.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light elevated AtGA3ox1 transcript in addition to low temperature.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Outcome
- level of AtGA3ox1 transcripte0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both red light and GA deficiency act in addition to low temperature to elevate the level of AtGA3ox1 transcript”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
GA deficiency elevated AtGA3ox1 transcript in addition to low temperature.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- GA deficiencye0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Outcome
- level of AtGA3ox1 transcripte0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both red light and GA deficiency act in addition to low temperature to elevate the level of AtGA3ox1 transcript”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-induced AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detected in additional cell types relative to red light-induced seeds.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtGA3ox1e0
- Outcome
- AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detectable by in situ RNA hybridization in an additional set of cell typese0
- Comparator
- red light-induced seedse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detectable by in situ RNA hybridization in an additional set of cell types relative to that in red light-induced seeds.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds”
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