Abstract
Field studies were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of Italian ryegrass and the metribuzin-sensitive winter wheat cultivar Dozier to metribuzin, chlorsulfuron, flufenacet plus metribuzin, chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron, diclofop, and combinations of these herbicides applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) to wheat in the two- to three-leaf (2–3 LF) at Feekes' stage 1 and to one to two tiller wheat (TILL) at Feekes' stage 3. Italian ryegrass control was 80% or greater with diclofop at all rates and application timings; flufenacet plus metribuzin PRE at all rates; metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF at all rates; and chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron PRE followed by (fb) metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF. Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrass was inconsistent with flufenacet plus metribuzin, chlorsulfuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron. Italian ryegrass control was poor with flufenacet plus metribuzin TILL, metribuzin PRE, and metribuzin TILL. Metribuzin applied alone and after chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron injured wheat. Wheat recovered from flufenacet plus metribuzin injury. However, injury from metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha PRE, 2–3 LF, and at 420 g/ha, 2–3 LF, resulted in season-long injury. Yields were significantly reduced because of metribuzin (PRE, 2–3 LF, or TILL) injury and also by chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron (PRE) fb metribuzin (2–3 LF).Nomenclature: Chlorsulfuron; diclofop; flufenacet; metribuzin; metsulfuron; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. #3 LOLMU; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. # TRAES ‘Dozier’.Additional index words: Soft red winter wheat, wheat injury, wheat yield.Abbreviations: COC, crop oil concentrate; DAP, days after planting; fb, followed by; 2–3 LF, two- to three-leaf stage at Feekes' stage 1.5; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; TILL, wheat tillered at Feekes' stage 3.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop controlled at least 80% of Italian ryegrass across rates and timings.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- diclofop at all rates and application timingse0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume0weed - Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- 80% or greatere0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 80% or greater with diclofop at all rates and application timings”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence flufenacet plus metribuzin controlled at least 80% of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- flufenacet plus metribuzin PRE at all ratese0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- 80% or greatere0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 80% or greater with diclofop at all rates and application timings; flufenacet plus metribuzin PRE at all rates”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin applied postemergence at the two to three leaf stage controlled at least 80% of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF at all ratese0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- 80% or greatere0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 80% or greater with diclofop at all rates and application timings; flufenacet plus metribuzin PRE at all rates; metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF at all rates”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence chlorsulfuron followed by postemergence metribuzin controlled at least 80% of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron PRE followed by (fb) metribuzin POST at 2–3 LFe0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- 80% or greatere0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 80% or greater with diclofop at all rates and application timings; flufenacet plus metribuzin PRE at all rates; metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF at all rates; and chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron PRE followed by (fb) metribuzin POST at 2–3 LF”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flufenacet plus metribuzin gave inconsistent control of two to three leaf Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- flufenacet plus metribuzine0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrasse0
- Direction
- inconsistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrass was inconsistent with flufenacet plus metribuzin, chlorsulfuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorsulfuron gave inconsistent control of two to three leaf Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfurone0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrasse0
- Direction
- inconsistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrass was inconsistent with flufenacet plus metribuzin, chlorsulfuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron gave inconsistent control of two to three leaf Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron plus metsulfurone0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrasse0
- Direction
- inconsistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of 2–3 LF Italian ryegrass was inconsistent with flufenacet plus metribuzin, chlorsulfuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flufenacet plus metribuzin at tillering gave poor Italian ryegrass control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- flufenacet plus metribuzin TILLe0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was poor with flufenacet plus metribuzin TILL, metribuzin PRE, and metribuzin TILL”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence metribuzin gave poor Italian ryegrass control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin PREe0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was poor with flufenacet plus metribuzin TILL, metribuzin PRE, and metribuzin TILL”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at tillering gave poor Italian ryegrass control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin TILLe0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was poor with flufenacet plus metribuzin TILL, metribuzin PRE, and metribuzin TILL”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin applied alone injured wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Metribuzin applied alonee0
- Outcome
- injured wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metribuzin applied alone and after chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron injured wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin after chlorsulfuron injured wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Metribuzin applied alone and after chlorsulfurone0
- Outcome
- injured wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metribuzin applied alone and after chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron injured wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin after chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron injured wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron plus metsulfurone0
- Outcome
- injured wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metribuzin applied alone and after chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron injured wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat recovered from injury by flufenacet plus metribuzin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- recovered from flufenacet plus metribuzin injurye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat recovered from flufenacet plus metribuzin injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha caused season-long wheat injury across preemergence and two to three leaf applications.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha PRE, 2–3 LFe0
- Outcome
- season-long injurye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury from metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha PRE, 2–3 LF, and at 420 g/ha, 2–3 LF, resulted in season-long injury”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 420 g/ha at the two to three leaf stage caused season-long wheat injury.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 420 g/ha, 2–3 LFe0
- Outcome
- season-long injurye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury from metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha PRE, 2–3 LF, and at 420 g/ha, 2–3 LF, resulted in season-long injury”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin injury significantly reduced wheat yield across application stages.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin (PRE, 2–3 LF, or TILL)e0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields were significantly reduced because of metribuzin (PRE, 2–3 LF, or TILL) injury”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence chlorsulfuron followed by metribuzin significantly reduced wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron (PRE) fb metribuzin (2–3 LF)e0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields were significantly reduced because of metribuzin (PRE, 2–3 LF, or TILL) injury and also by chlorsulfuron or chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron (PRE) fb metribuzin (2–3 LF)”
t0“winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
The same questions in other papers
chlorsulfuron · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →metribuzin · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 45 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →chlorsulfuron · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
diclofop · Lolium multiflorum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →metsulfuron methyl · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →metribuzin · Lolium multiflorum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →metribuzin · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →metsulfuron methyl · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 143 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
151 papers more in this group
See all 155 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.