Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2001–02 to 2003–04 at Almora (Uttarakhand) to study the effect of different herbicides on wheat and associated weeds under zero and conventional tillage systems. Weeds totalled an average of 215/m2 in the untreated weedy check. There was severe competition between wheat and the predominant weed species Polygonum plebijum, Phalaris minor and Ranunculus sp. and an average decrease in grain yield by 37.9% was observed due to season long weed-crop competition. Conventional tillage recorded significantly lower weed dry weight compared to zero tillage. The grain yield; however, did not differ significantly among the tillage systems. All herbicides provided significant control of weeds compared to weedy check under both the tillage systems. Metribuzin at 250 g/ha and sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha being at par with each other recorded significantly lower weed dry weight compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check. Slight crop injury in terms of yellowing of leaves and stunted growth were observed in the plots treated with metribuzin. The injury; however, disappeared with the advancement of crop growth. Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha and metribuzin at 250 g/ha produced similar but significantly higher grain yield compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check. Conventional tillage gave higher gross and net returns compared to zero tillage. Among the herbicides, metribuzin at 250 g/ha recorded maximum net return (Rs. 14021/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.83). Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha was the next best remunerative treatment.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated weedy check had an average of 215 weeds per square metre.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Weeds totallede0
- Value
- 215/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Weeds totalled an average of 215/m2 in the untreated weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weed-crop competition decreased wheat grain yield by 37.9% on average.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- season long weed-crop competitione1
- Interactor
- Polygonum plebijum, Phalaris minor and Ranunculus spe2weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 37.9%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e1“an average decrease in grain yield by 37.9% was observed due to season long weed-crop competition”
e2“There was severe competition between wheat and the predominant weed species Polygonum plebijum, Phalaris minor and Ranunculus sp”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave significantly lower weed dry weight than zero tillage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillagee3
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- zero tillagee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e3“Conventional tillage recorded significantly lower weed dry weight compared to zero tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not differ significantly between tillage systems.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tillage systemse4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e4“The grain yield; however, did not differ significantly among the tillage systems”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicides significantly controlled weeds compared with the weedy check under both tillage systems.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- All herbicidese5
- Outcome
- control of weedse5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Comparator
- weedy checke5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e5“All herbicides provided significant control of weeds compared to weedy check under both the tillage systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 250 g/ha gave significantly lower weed dry weight than the tank mix spray and the weedy check.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Metribuzin at 250 g/hae6
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e6“Metribuzin at 250 g/ha and sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha being at par with each other recorded significantly lower weed dry weight compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha gave significantly lower weed dry weight than the tank mix spray and the weedy check.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulfosulfuron at 33 g/hae6
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e6“Metribuzin at 250 g/ha and sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha being at par with each other recorded significantly lower weed dry weight compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin caused slight crop injury, yellowing of leaves and stunted growth, in treated plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzine7
- Outcome
- crop injury in terms of yellowing of leaves and stunted growthe7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e7“Slight crop injury in terms of yellowing of leaves and stunted growth were observed in the plots treated with metribuzin”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 250 g/ha gave significantly higher grain yield than the tank mix spray and the weedy check.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin at 250 g/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha and metribuzin at 250 g/ha produced similar but significantly higher grain yield compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha gave significantly higher grain yield than the tank mix spray and the weedy check.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulfosulfuron at 33 g/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha and metribuzin at 250 g/ha produced similar but significantly higher grain yield compared to tank mix spray of isoproturon (750 g/ha) + 2,4-D (500 g/ha) and weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave higher gross and net returns than zero tillage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillagee1
- Outcome
- gross and net returnse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- zero tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e1“Conventional tillage gave higher gross and net returns compared to zero tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 250 g/ha gave the maximum net return, Rs. 14021/ha, among the herbicides.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin at 250 g/hae2
- Outcome
- net returne2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- Rs. 14021/hae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e2“Among the herbicides, metribuzin at 250 g/ha recorded maximum net return (Rs. 14021/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.83)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin at 250 g/ha gave the maximum benefit:cost ratio, 1.83, among the herbicides.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin at 250 g/hae2
- Outcome
- benefit: cost ratioe2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 1.83e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e2“Among the herbicides, metribuzin at 250 g/ha recorded maximum net return (Rs. 14021/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.83)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha was the next most remunerative treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulfosulfuron at 33 g/hae3
- Outcome
- remunerativee3
- Direction
- next beste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e3“Sulfosulfuron at 33 g/ha was the next best remunerative treatment”
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