Paper · 1993

Effect of sowing date, nitrogen and rhizobium inoculation on flowering and development of yield in chickpeas

T. I. Verghis; G. D. Hill; B. A. McKenzie

13
claims
29
verbatim quotes
4
citations
3
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) were sown on 3 July and 30 September 1992 into a Templeton silt loam soil. Nitrogen at 0, 15, 45 and 90 kg/ha and Rhizobium inoculation at 0 and 2 times the recommended rate were applied in a factorial design. Data were collected from plots which had received 0 and 45 kg N/ha and on those which had received 0 and twice the recommended rate of inoculant. Seed yield averaged 305 g/m2• Nitrogen did not increase seed yield, but it did significantly decrease mean seed weight. In the July sowing inoculated plants which had not been treated with nitrogen produced 423 g/m2 of seed. Inoculation increased mean seed yield by 44% through increasing the number of pods/plant and seeds/plant. Yield development was affected by sowing date. At one month after flowering plants from the early sown plots had 38% more pods than in the late sowing. However, the early sowing had a large decline in pod number from two months after flowering (41.9 pods/plant) to harvest (31.3 pods/plant). The late sowing had no such decline and had 26.1 and 30.0 pods/plant respectively at the equivalent dates. The only factor which affected phenological development was sowing date. The early sowing flowered at 139 days while the late sowing took only 72 days to flower. Potential yield sites at 50% flowering were affected by the treatments, with 45 kg N/ha producing 8.8 flowering nodes/plant while 0 kg N!ha plants had only 6.3. The early sowing also had a significantly higher number of flowering nodes (9.0) than the late sowing (6.1).

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 13

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mean chickpea seed yield was 305 g/m2.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
Seed yielde1
Value
305 g/m2e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“Seed yield averaged 305 g/m2”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 394–422 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen did not increase chickpea seed yield.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
Nitrogene1
Outcome
seed yielde1
Direction
did not increasee1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“Nitrogen did not increase seed yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 424–460 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen significantly decreased mean chickpea seed weight.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
Nitrogene2
Outcome
mean seed weighte1
Direction
decreasee1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“it did significantly decrease mean seed weight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 466–512 · show in text ↑
e2

“Nitrogen did not increase seed yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 424–460 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

July-sown inoculated chickpeas without nitrogen produced 423 g/m2 of seed.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
seede1
Value
423 g/m2e1
Qualifier
July sowing inoculated plants which had not been treated with nitrogene1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“In the July sowing inoculated plants which had not been treated with nitrogen produced 423 g/m2 of seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 514–617 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculation increased mean seed yield by 44%.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculatione1
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume1symbiont
Outcome
mean seed yielde2
Direction
increasede2
Value
44%e2

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rhizobium inoculation at 0 and 2 times the recommended rate”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 152–211 · show in text ↑
e2

“Inoculation increased mean seed yield by 44%”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 619–663 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Inoculation increased chickpea pods per plant and seeds per plant.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculatione1
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume1symbiont
Outcome
number of pods/plant and seeds/plante2
Direction
increasinge2

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rhizobium inoculation at 0 and 2 times the recommended rate”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 152–211 · show in text ↑
e2

“through increasing the number of pods/plant and seeds/plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 664–723 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

One month after flowering, early-sown chickpeas had 38% more pods than late-sown chickpeas.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
early sown plotse1
Outcome
podse1
Direction
moree1
Value
38%e1
Qualifier
one month after floweringe1
Comparator
late sowinge1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“At one month after flowering plants from the early sown plots had 38% more pods than in the late sowing”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 772–875 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Early-sown chickpea pod number declined from 41.9 to 31.3 pods per plant between two months after flowering and harvest.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
pod numbere1
Direction
declinee1
Value
41.9 pods/plante1
Qualifier
to harvest (31.3 pods/plant)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“early sowing had a large decline in pod number from two months after flowering (41.9 pods/plant) to harvest (31.3 pods/plant)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 890–1015 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Late-sown chickpea pod number did not decline between the corresponding dates.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
pods/plante1
Direction
no such declinee1
Value
26.1 and 30.0 pods/plante1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“The late sowing had no such decline and had 26.1 and 30.0 pods/plant respectively at the equivalent dates”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1017–1122 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Early sowing flowered at 139 days.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
flowerede1
Value
139 dayse1
Qualifier
early sowinge1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“The early sowing flowered at 139 days”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1197–1234 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Late sowing flowered at 72 days.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Outcome
flowere1
Value
72 dayse1
Qualifier
late sowinge1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“late sowing took only 72 days to flower”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1245–1284 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At 50% flowering, 45 kg N/ha produced 8.8 flowering nodes per plant, versus 6.3 with 0 kg N/ha.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
45 kg N/hae1
Outcome
flowering nodes/plante1
Value
8.8 flowering nodes/plante1
Qualifier
only 6.3e1
Comparator
0 kg N!hae1

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“Potential yield sites at 50% flowering were affected by the treatments, with 45 kg N/ha producing 8.8 flowering nodes/plant while 0 kg N!ha plants had only 6.3”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1286–1445 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Early sowing produced significantly more flowering nodes than late sowing, 9.0 versus 6.1.

Taxon
chickpeasCicer arietinume0
Treatment
early sowinge1
Outcome
number of flowering nodese1
Direction
highere1
Value
9.0e1
Qualifier
6.1e1
Comparator
late sowinge1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–37 · show in text ↑
e1

“The early sowing also had a significantly higher number of flowering nodes (9.0) than the late sowing (6.1)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1447–1554 · show in text ↑

Rhizobium · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

120 papers: 116 positive, 4 negative or no effect

115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

116 papers more in this group

See all 120 papers →

nitrogen · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

102 papers: 93 positive, 9 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 93 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

98 papers more in this group

See all 102 papers →

sowing time · phenology · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

3 papers: 2 positive, 1 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
See all 3 papers →

sowing time · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

85 papers: 68 positive, 17 negative or no effect

67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
    First-year seed yield did not differ with sowing date or nitrogen treatment.

    Development of yield and variability in yield components of chickpeas · 1994 · compared with either sowing date or nitrogen treatments

    No difference from an alternativeCites this paper

  2. positive
  3. negative

81 papers more in this group

See all 85 papers →

inoculation · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

217 papers: 200 positive, 17 negative or no effect

199 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. positive
  2. no effect
  3. negative

213 papers more in this group

See all 217 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.