Abstract
【Objectives】The application of zinc( Zn) fertilizer is an effective measure to solve Zn deficiency and to improve both yield and grain Zn content in cereal crops. The effects of Zn application are affected by many factors.The effects of Zn application approaches and rates on the yield of wheat,maize,rice since the 1970 s in China were summarized to explore an optimized approach and rate of Zn fertilizer in production systems of cereal crops.【Methods】The data was collected from WanFangDATA and CNKI,including 333 literatures about the effects of Zn application on the production of wheat,maize and rice from 1970 to 2013 in China under field conditions. 1656 test samples were selected by excluding the literatures without yield data and specific fertilizer information such as a concrete application approach and rate of Zn fertilizer. Data was analyzed by correlation analysis and analysis of variance using Microsoft Excel 2010 softwares. 【Results】The positive effects of Zn applications on the crop yields were affected by application approaches and rates of Zn and different years. The main results were as follows,1)Effects of Zn application methods The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice. Compared with foliar and seed-treated applications,soil application of Zn consistently achieved the highest yield increase regardless of crops. 2) Effects of Zn application rates With increases of soil Zn-applied rates,the average yield increase of wheat,maize and rice tended to increase continuously. When the soil applied Zn reached a certain amount,the yield increase showed a slight decrease. The optimized soil Zn-applied rates for higher increases in yield of wheat,maize and rice were 15- 45 kg /hm2,20- 30 kg/hm2,and 20- 30 kg/hm2,respectively. The foliar applications of Zn showed an irregular effect on the yield increase of wheat,with foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2O at a 0. 4%- 0. 5% rate achieving the highest yield increase. The effects of foliar applications of Zn on yield increase of maize and rice are the same as soil applications of Zn. In the past 40 years,the optimized foliar Zn-applied rates in form of ZnSO4·7H2O for maize and rice were 0. 1%- 0. 3% and 0. 2%- 0. 4%,respectively. 3) Effects of different years The yields in response to different crops were different with years. Advanced in years,the yield increase of wheat tended to increase continuously with each Zn application method. For rice,the yield increase induced by soil applications showed a slight decrease while it decreased slightly at first and then increased with foliar applications.In contrast to soil and foliar applications,seed-treating applications showed an irregular effect on the yield increase of maize,wheat and rice.【Conclusions】Zn fertilizer application could effectively improve yields of wheat,maize and rice,but the yield increase was affected by application approaches and rates of Zn fertilizer and different years.Therefore,in the future,farmers should choose an appropriate method and rate of Zn fertilizer to improve yields of cereal crops based on the crops,soil and environmental conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application increased wheat yield by 11.3% on average.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- soile1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 11. 3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application increased wheat yield by 10.0% on average.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- foliare1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 10. 0%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-treating Zn application increased wheat yield by 11.1% on average.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- seed-treatinge1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 11. 1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application increased maize yield by 13.7% on average.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application increased maize yield by 12.7% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-treating Zn application increased maize yield by 12.1% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application increased rice yield by 15.0% on average.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- soile1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 15. 0%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application increased rice yield by 9.8% on average.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- foliare1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 9. 8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-treating Zn application increased rice yield by 9.7% on average.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- seed-treatinge1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 9. 7%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The average yield increase induced by application methods such as soil,foliar and seed-treating applications of Zn fertilizer were 11. 3%,10. 0%,11. 1%,respectively for wheat,13. 7%,12. 7%,12. 1% for maize and 15. 0%, 9. 8%, 9. 7% for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application achieved the highest yield increase regardless of crop, compared with foliar and seed-treated applications.
Verbatim
t0“the main cereal crops”
e2“Compared with foliar and seed-treated applications,soil application of Zn consistently achieved the highest yield increase regardless of crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized soil Zn rate for higher wheat yield increase is 15-45 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- soil Zn-applied ratese3
- Outcome
- increases in yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 15- 45 kg /hm2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The optimized soil Zn-applied rates for higher increases in yield of wheat,maize and rice were 15- 45 kg /hm2,20- 30 kg/hm2,and 20- 30 kg/hm2,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized soil Zn rate for higher maize yield increase is 20-30 kg/hm2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The optimized soil Zn-applied rates for higher increases in yield of wheat,maize and rice were 15- 45 kg /hm2,20- 30 kg/hm2,and 20- 30 kg/hm2,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized soil Zn rate for higher rice yield increase is 20-30 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- soil Zn-applied ratese3
- Outcome
- increases in yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 20- 30 kg/hm2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The optimized soil Zn-applied rates for higher increases in yield of wheat,maize and rice were 15- 45 kg /hm2,20- 30 kg/hm2,and 20- 30 kg/hm2,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnSO4·7H2O at 0.4%-0.5% gave the highest wheat yield increase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2Oe4
- Outcome
- yield increasee4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 0. 4%- 0. 5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2O at a 0. 4%- 0. 5% rate achieving the highest yield increase”
e5“The foliar applications of Zn showed an irregular effect on the yield increase of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized foliar ZnSO4·7H2O rate for maize is 0.1%-0.3%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In the past 40 years,the optimized foliar Zn-applied rates in form of ZnSO4·7H2O for maize and rice were 0. 1%- 0. 3% and 0. 2%- 0. 4%,respectively”
e7“The effects of foliar applications of Zn on yield increase of maize and rice are the same as soil applications of Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized foliar ZnSO4·7H2O rate for rice is 0.2%-0.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Treatment
- foliar Zn-applied rates in form of ZnSO4·7H2Oe6
- Outcome
- yield increasee7
- Value
- 0. 2%- 0. 4%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In the past 40 years,the optimized foliar Zn-applied rates in form of ZnSO4·7H2O for maize and rice were 0. 1%- 0. 3% and 0. 2%- 0. 4%,respectively”
e7“The effects of foliar applications of Zn on yield increase of maize and rice are the same as soil applications of Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield increase from each Zn application method tended to increase continuously over the years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- each Zn application methode0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- tended to increase continuouslye0
- Qualifier
- Advanced in yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advanced in years,the yield increase of wheat tended to increase continuously with each Zn application method”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increase from soil Zn application showed a slight decrease over the years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- soil applicationse0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- showed a slight decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For rice,the yield increase induced by soil applications showed a slight decrease while it decreased slightly at first and then increased with foliar applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increase from foliar Zn application decreased slightly at first and then increased over the years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- decreased slightly at first and then increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For rice,the yield increase induced by soil applications showed a slight decrease while it decreased slightly at first and then increased with foliar applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn fertilizer application could effectively improve yields of wheat, maize and rice.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Zn fertilizer application could effectively improve yields of wheat,maize and rice”
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See all 691 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.