Abstract
Dicotyledonous plants are prone to iron-deficiency chlorosis when grown on calcareous soils. This nutritional disorder problem occurs widely and can be a limiting factor for crop yield and quality. The main reasons for the disorder are high pH and high bicarbonate (HCO~-_3 ) concentration in soil solution. It has been shown that HCO~-_3 induces chlorosis by suppressing iron uptake and/or translocation in plants, although the relationship between HCO~-_3 accumulation, iron-deficiency chlorosis and rhizosphere properties remains unclear. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the effect of HCO~-_3 and Fe supply on chlorosis and iron nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., Luhua c.v.), (ii) the relationship between chlorosis, apoplastic iron concentration in roots and the activity of Fe(Ⅲ) reductase in roots, (iii) the effect of chlorosis on the properties of rhizosphere and bulk soil. Peanut was grown in a two-chamber pot, with the top chamber being filled with a calcareous soil and the bottom one with nutrient solution. The two chambers were separated by a plastic film membrane, which allowed roots to penetrate but not the exchange of solutes. Plants were grown in this system under four treatments: (CK) no additions of HCO~-_3 or Fe to either soil or nutrient solution, (Ⅰ) additions of 1500 mg·kg~(-1) HCO~-_3 to soil and 0.1mmol·L~(-1) Fe to nutrient solution, but no addition of HCO~-_3 to nutrient solution, (Ⅱ) additions of 10 mmol·L~(-1) HCO~-_3 and 0.1mmol·L~(-1) Fe to nutrient solution but not to soil, and (Ⅲ) addition of 10 mmol·L~(-1) HCO~-_3 but not Fe to nutrient solution and no addition to soil. The results showed that the Fe nutritional status was influenced significantly by the HCO~-_3 and Fe treatments to parts of the root system. No chlorotic symptoms were observed in CK. Addition of HCO~-_3 to soil (treatment (Ⅰ) induced chlorosis initially, but the symptoms disappeared once the roots penetrated into the nutrient solution supplied with Fe. Additions of both HCO~-_3 and Fe to nutrient solution (Treatment Ⅱ) did not induce chlorosis. In treatment Ⅲ, plants were normal initially, but later young leaves became chlorotic after roots reached the nutrient solution. The occurrence of chlorosis or the re-greening of young leaves coincided with the changes in the active and total Fe concentrations. However, Fe concentration in roots (collected from the soil chamber) did not decrease in the chlorotic plants, whereas the concentration of root apoplastic Fe increased. Addition of HCO~-_3 to either soil or nutrient solution decreased the activity of-on Fe (Ⅲ) reductase in the roots collected from the nutrient solution chamber, but not in those from the soil chamber. Iron-deficiency chlorosis induced in treatment Ⅲ was found to increase the concentration of HCO~-_3 in the rhizosphere soil. It is concluded that HCO~-_3 inhibited Fe translocation from roots to shoots, and iron-deficiency chlorosis could also lead to a higher HCO~-_3 concentration in the rhizosphere soil, thus exacerbating the iron-deficiency disorder.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate and iron treatments significantly influenced peanut iron nutrition.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- HCO~-_3 and Fe treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fe nutritional statuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the Fe nutritional status was influenced significantly by the HCO~-_3 and Fe treatments to parts of the root system.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated peanut had no chlorotic symptoms.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- CKe0
- Outcome
- No chlorotic symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No chlorotic symptoms were observed in CK.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding bicarbonate to soil initially caused chlorosis.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Addition of HCO~-_3 to soile0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of HCO~-_3 to soil (treatment (Ⅰ) induced chlorosis initially”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis disappeared after roots reached the iron-supplied nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- symptoms disappearede0
- Qualifier
- nutrient solution supplied with Fee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the symptoms disappeared once the roots penetrated into the nutrient solution supplied with Fe.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding bicarbonate and iron to nutrient solution did not induce chlorosis.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Additions of both HCO~-_3 and Fe to nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additions of both HCO~-_3 and Fe to nutrient solution (Treatment Ⅱ) did not induce chlorosis.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
In treatment III, young peanut leaves became chlorotic after roots reached nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Treatment
- treatment Ⅲe0
- Outcome
- young leaves became chlorotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In treatment Ⅲ, plants were normal initially, but later young leaves became chlorotic after roots reached the nutrient solution.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis and regreening coincided with changes in active and total iron concentration.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- active and total Fe concentrationse0
- Outcome
- chlorosis or the re-greening of young leavese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The occurrence of chlorosis or the re-greening of young leaves coincided with the changes in the active and total Fe concentrations.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Root iron concentration did not decrease in chlorotic plants.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Fe concentration in rootse0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
- Comparator
- chlorotic plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe concentration in roots (collected from the soil chamber) did not decrease in the chlorotic plants”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Root apoplastic iron concentration increased in chlorotic plants.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- concentration of root apoplastic Fee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of root apoplastic Fe increased.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate added to soil or nutrient solution decreased Fe(III) reductase activity in roots from the solution chamber.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Addition of HCO~-_3 to either soil or nutrient solutione0
- Gene
- Fe (Ⅲ) reductasee0
- Outcome
- activity of-on Fe (Ⅲ) reductasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of HCO~-_3 to either soil or nutrient solution decreased the activity of-on Fe (Ⅲ) reductase in the roots collected from the nutrient solution chamber”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate did not decrease Fe(III) reductase activity in roots from the soil chamber.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- HCO~-_3e0
- Outcome
- activity of-on Fe (Ⅲ) reductasee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of HCO~-_3 to either soil or nutrient solution decreased the activity of-on Fe (Ⅲ) reductase in the roots collected from the nutrient solution chamber, but not in those from the soil chamber.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment III chlorosis increased rhizosphere bicarbonate concentration.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- treatment Ⅲe0
- Outcome
- concentration of HCO~-_3 in the rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron-deficiency chlorosis induced in treatment Ⅲ was found to increase the concentration of HCO~-_3 in the rhizosphere soil.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate was interpreted to inhibit iron translocation from roots to shoots.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- HCO~-_3e0
- Outcome
- Fe translocation from roots to shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HCO~-_3 inhibited Fe translocation from roots to shoots”
t0“peanut”
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