Abstract
Polyamines can alleviate the inhibitory effects of salinity on plant growth by regulating photosynthetic efficiency. However, little information is available to explain the specific mechanisms underlying the contribution of polyamines to salt tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus. Here, we investigated the role of putrescine (Put) on the photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress. We found that NaCl stress resulted in severe ion toxicity and oxidative stress in cucumber chloroplasts. In addition, salinity caused a significant increase in the saturated fatty acid contents of thylakoid membranes. Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content, thereby alleviating the disintegration of thylakoid grana lamellae and reducing the number of plastoglobuli in thylakoid membranes. BN-PAGE revealed Put up-regulated the expression of ATP synthase, CP47, D1, Qb, and psbA proteins and down-regulated CP24, D2, and LHCII type III in NaCl-stressed thylakoid membranes. qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression was used to compare transcript and protein accumulation among 10 candidate proteins. For five of these proteins, induced transcript accumulation was consistent with the pattern of induced protein accumulation. Our results suggest that Put regulates protein expression at transcriptional and translational levels by increasing endogenous polyamines levels in thylakoid membranes, which may stabilise photosynthetic apparatus under salt stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress caused severe ion toxicity in cucumber chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Organ / stage
- chloroplastse0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- ion toxicitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress resulted in severe ion toxicity and oxidative stress in cucumber chloroplasts”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress caused oxidative stress in cucumber chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplastse0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress resulted in severe ion toxicity and oxidative stress in cucumber chloroplasts”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly increased saturated fatty acid contents in cucumber thylakoid membranes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Organ / stage
- thylakoid membranese0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- saturated fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity caused a significant increase in the saturated fatty acid contents of thylakoid membranes”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine altered unsaturated fatty acid content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- unsaturated fatty acid contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine alleviated disintegration of cucumber thylakoid grana lamellae.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute2
- Outcome
- disintegration of thylakoid grana lamellaee0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby alleviating the disintegration of thylakoid grana lamellae”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reduced plastoglobuli number in cucumber thylakoid membranes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute2
- Outcome
- number of plastoglobulie0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the number of plastoglobuli in thylakoid membranes”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine up-regulated ATP synthase, CP47 and D1 protein expression in NaCl-stressed thylakoid membranes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Gene
- ATP synthase, CP47, D1e0
- Outcome
- expression of ATP synthase, CP47, D1e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put up-regulated the expression of ATP synthase, CP47, D1, Qb, and psbA proteins”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine up-regulated Qb and psbA protein expression in NaCl-stressed thylakoid membranes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Gene
- Qb, and psbAe0
- Outcome
- Qb, and psbA proteinse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put up-regulated the expression of ATP synthase, CP47, D1, Qb, and psbA proteins”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine down-regulated CP24, D2 and LHCII type III in NaCl-stressed thylakoids.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute2
- Gene
- CP24, D2, and LHCII type IIIe0
- Outcome
- CP24, D2, and LHCII type IIIe0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“down-regulated CP24, D2, and LHCII type III in NaCl-stressed thylakoid membranes”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
For five candidate proteins, induced cucumber transcripts and proteins showed consistent accumulation patterns.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Outcome
- induced transcript accumulation was consistent with the pattern of induced protein accumulatione0
- Value
- fivee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For five of these proteins, induced transcript accumulation was consistent with the pattern of induced protein accumulation”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest putrescine regulates protein expression at transcriptional and translational levels by increasing endogenous polyamines in thylakoid membranes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Compound
- endogenous polyaminese0
- Outcome
- protein expressione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put regulates protein expression at transcriptional and translational levels by increasing endogenous polyamines levels in thylakoid membranes”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest the putrescine-related regulation may stabilize the photosynthetic apparatus under salt stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Pute2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic apparatuse0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which may stabilise photosynthetic apparatus under salt stress”
e1“photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber seedlings under salt stress”
e2“Put altered unsaturated fatty acid content”
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