Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are important endogenous plant growth regulators responding to environmental stress and mediating many physiological processes including grain filling in cereals. This study investigated whether PAs mediate the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on starch granule size distribution, starch content, and weight of superior and inferior kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two wheat cultivars were grown in pots. Three treatments, well-watered (WW), moderate soil drying (MD) and severe soil drying (SD), were imposed from 9 days post-anthesis until maturity. PA levels in kernels and small, medium and large granules were measured. The results showed that superior kernels had much higher free spermidine (Spd) and free spermine (Spm) concentrations, larger volumes of medium starch granules, and smaller-sized large granules than did inferior kernels under all the treatments. Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules. SD produced the opposite effect. Application of Spd or Spm to spikes produced effects similar to those of MD, and application of an inhibitor of Spd and Spm synthesis produced effects similar to those of SD. These results suggest that PAs mediate the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on starch biosynthesis in wheat kernels by regulating key enzymes in starch synthesis and that elevated PA levels under MD increase the volume of medium granules and kernel weight of inferior kernels.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Superior kernels had much higher free Spd and free Spm concentrations than inferior kernels under all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- superior kernelse0
- Outcome
- free spermidine (Spd) and free spermine (Spm) concentrationse0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- under all the treatmentse0
- Comparator
- inferior kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“superior kernels had much higher free spermidine (Spd) and free spermine (Spm) concentrations, larger volumes of medium starch granules, and smaller-sized large granules than did inferior kernels under all the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Superior kernels had larger volumes of medium starch granules than inferior kernels under all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- superior kernelse0
- Outcome
- volumes of medium starch granulese0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- under all the treatmentse0
- Comparator
- inferior kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“superior kernels had much higher free spermidine (Spd) and free spermine (Spm) concentrations, larger volumes of medium starch granules, and smaller-sized large granules than did inferior kernels under all the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Superior kernels had smaller-sized large granules than inferior kernels under all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- superior kernelse0
- Outcome
- large granulese0
- Direction
- smaller-sizede0
- Qualifier
- under all the treatmentse0
- Comparator
- inferior kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“superior kernels had much higher free spermidine (Spd) and free spermine (Spm) concentrations, larger volumes of medium starch granules, and smaller-sized large granules than did inferior kernels under all the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with well-watered, moderate soil drying significantly increased free Spd and free Spm concentrations in wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Outcome
- concentrations of free Spd and free Spme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with well-watered, moderate soil drying significantly increased soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Outcome
- activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with well-watered, moderate soil drying significantly increased the volume of medium granules.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Outcome
- volume of medium granulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with well-watered, moderate soil drying significantly increased starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Outcome
- starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with well-watered, moderate soil drying significantly decreased the size of large granules.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Outcome
- size of large granulese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Compared to WW, MD significantly increased the concentrations of free Spd and free Spm, activities of soluble starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase, volume of medium granules, and starch content and kernel weight of inferior kernels, and decreased the size of large granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe soil drying produced the opposite effect to moderate soil drying.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- opposite effecte0
- Direction
- opposite effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“SD produced the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Spd to spikes produced effects similar to those of moderate soil drying.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- to spikese0
- Comparator
- MDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to spikes produced effects similar to those of MD”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Spm to spikes produced effects similar to those of moderate soil drying.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- to spikese0
- Comparator
- MDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to spikes produced effects similar to those of MD”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of an inhibitor of Spd and Spm synthesis produced effects similar to those of severe soil drying.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inhibitor of Spd and Spm synthesise0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- SDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“application of an inhibitor of Spd and Spm synthesis produced effects similar to those of SD”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude polyamines mediate the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on starch biosynthesis in wheat kernels by regulating key enzymes in starch synthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- post-anthesis soil dryinge0
- Compound
- PAse0
- Outcome
- starch biosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- regulating key enzymes in starch synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“PAs mediate the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on starch biosynthesis in wheat kernels by regulating key enzymes in starch synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude elevated polyamine levels under moderate soil drying increase the volume of medium granules and kernel weight of inferior kernels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MDe0
- Compound
- PAe0
- Outcome
- volume of medium granules and kernel weight of inferior kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“elevated PA levels under MD increase the volume of medium granules and kernel weight of inferior kernels”
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