Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a perennial plant managed as an annual crop to optimize yield and fiber quality while managing inputs to maximize profit. Transgenic improvements have simplified cotton production. Resistance to the non-selective herbicide glyphosate and in-plant production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin are two such advances. Cultural practices including use of mepiquat chloride (MC), and optimizing planting date contribute to crop uniformity and decrease risk involved with environmental stresses. Comparisons between conventional and transgenic weed and insect management systems, optimal and late planting dates, overhead sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation, and use of MC were evaluated. Optimal-planted cotton had better yield than cotton planted late. Mepiquat chloride did not always provide an advantage, however never caused an undesirable response. At times, cotton plants treated with MC showed improved micronaire, compensation for boll loss, and earlier maturity. Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stage reduced yield of optimal-planted cotton in 1 of 3 years and 2 of 3 years in late-planted cotton. Glyphosate contact after the four-leaf stage in 2 of 3 years shifted the majority of bolls above node 10. Lint yield results were variable between overhead sprinkle and drip irrigation systems. Mepiquat chloride did not affect yield in irrigated cotton, however did control plant height, and improve fruit retention and cotton maturity. Non-labeled glyphosate applications reduced maturity in each irrigation system in 1 of 3 years. Cotton injury caused by conventional herbicides resulted in yield loss and poor returns compared to glyphosate systems. Early-season weed competition from low input herbicide programs caused cotton biomass reduction. High costs of conventional herbicide programs offset the available profit margin compared to glyphosate systems when yields were similar. Glyphosate systems provided excellent control of all weed species, while conventional herbicides gave acceptable control in most cases. Glyphosate resistant cotton cultivars with had better yield and returned more profit than the same cultivars treated with conventional herbicides.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal planting improved cotton yield over late planting.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Optimal-plantede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- cotton planted latee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal-planted cotton had better yield than cotton planted late.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride did not consistently confer an advantage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Mepiquat chloridee0
- Outcome
- advantagee0
- Direction
- did not always providee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mepiquat chloride did not always provide an advantage, however never caused an undesirable response.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride sometimes improved micronaire.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- MCe0
- Outcome
- micronairee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- At timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At times, cotton plants treated with MC showed improved micronaire, compensation for boll loss, and earlier maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride sometimes compensated for boll loss.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- MCe0
- Outcome
- compensation for boll losse0
- Qualifier
- At timese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At times, cotton plants treated with MC showed improved micronaire, compensation for boll loss, and earlier maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride sometimes advanced maturity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At times, cotton plants treated with MC showed improved micronaire, compensation for boll loss, and earlier maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight-leaf broadcast glyphosate reduced optimal-planted cotton yield in one of three years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1 of 3 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stage reduced yield of optimal-planted cotton in 1 of 3 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight-leaf broadcast glyphosate reduced late-planted cotton yield in two of three years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2 of 3 yearse0
- Qualifier
- late-planted cottone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stage reduced yield of optimal-planted cotton in 1 of 3 years and 2 of 3 years in late-planted cotton.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate contact after four leaves shifted most bolls above node 10 in two years.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate contact after the four-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- majority of bolls above node 10e0
- Value
- 2 of 3 yearse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate contact after the four-leaf stage in 2 of 3 years shifted the majority of bolls above node 10.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lint yield varied between sprinkler and drip irrigation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- overhead sprinklee0
- Outcome
- Lint yielde0
- Direction
- variablee0
- Comparator
- drip irrigation systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lint yield results were variable between overhead sprinkle and drip irrigation systems.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride did not affect irrigated cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Mepiquat chloridee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mepiquat chloride did not affect yield in irrigated cotton, however did control plant height, and improve fruit retention and cotton maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride controlled height in irrigated cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Mepiquat chloridee0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mepiquat chloride did not affect yield in irrigated cotton, however did control plant height, and improve fruit retention and cotton maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mepiquat chloride improved fruit retention and maturity in irrigated cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Mepiquat chloridee0
- Outcome
- fruit retention and cotton maturitye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mepiquat chloride did not affect yield in irrigated cotton, however did control plant height, and improve fruit retention and cotton maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Unlabeled glyphosate reduced maturity in each irrigation system in one of three years.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Non-labeled glyphosate applicationse0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1 of 3 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Non-labeled glyphosate applications reduced maturity in each irrigation system in 1 of 3 years.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional herbicide injury caused cotton yield loss relative to glyphosate systems.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- conventional herbicidese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
- Comparator
- glyphosate systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton injury caused by conventional herbicides resulted in yield loss and poor returns compared to glyphosate systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional herbicide injury produced poorer returns than glyphosate systems.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- conventional herbicidese0
- Outcome
- returnse0
- Direction
- poore0
- Comparator
- glyphosate systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton injury caused by conventional herbicides resulted in yield loss and poor returns compared to glyphosate systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early weed competition in low-input programs reduced cotton biomass.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Early-season weed competition from low input herbicide programse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- cotton biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early-season weed competition from low input herbicide programs caused cotton biomass reduction.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional herbicide costs offset profit margin compared with glyphosate at similar yields.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- profit margine0
- Direction
- offsete0
- Comparator
- glyphosate systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High costs of conventional herbicide programs offset the available profit margin compared to glyphosate systems when yields were similar.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate systems gave excellent weed control.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate systemse0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- control of all weed speciese0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Comparator
- conventional herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate systems provided excellent control of all weed species, while conventional herbicides gave acceptable control in most cases.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional herbicides gave acceptable weed control in most cases.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- conventional herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- acceptablee0
- Qualifier
- in most casese0
- Comparator
- Glyphosate systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate systems provided excellent control of all weed species, while conventional herbicides gave acceptable control in most cases.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate-resistant cultivars yielded more and returned more profit under glyphosate than conventional herbicides.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- Glyphosate resistant cotton cultivarse0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate resistant cotton cultivarse0
- Outcome
- yield and returned more profite0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- the same cultivars treated with conventional herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate resistant cotton cultivars with had better yield and returned more profit than the same cultivars treated with conventional herbicides.”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →glyphosate · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
57 papers more in this group
See all 61 papers →chloride · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →mepiquat chloride · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →mepiquat chloride · quality: grain · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →chloride · quality: grain · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →glyphosate · weed · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →mepiquat chloride · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.