Abstract
I serious shortages of water make it imperative to improve the efficiency of irrigation in crop production in changing climate conditions. In recent years the role of phyto-monitoring techniques based on plant physiological parameters are getting emphasized in irrigation scheduling. There is an ample scope to use physiological responses and spectral signature of the plants in irrigation scheduling. Drip irrigation is found as a potential water saving technique over traditional surface irrigation methods in citrus. Deficit irrigation (DI) is a recently proposed water saving technique in irrigated agriculture. The present study was planned with a hypothesis that drip irrigation scheduling with DI technique could save a substantial amount of water over full irrigation, without affecting the yield significantly. The experiment was conducted for 2 years during 2010 and 2011, with drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin at IARI, New Delhi. The crop responses to DI scheduled at 50% and 75% full irrigation (FI, 100% ETc). DI at 75% ETc produced marginally lower fruit yield (8-9%), with lower vegetative growth of the plants in comparison to that under FI. However, the irrigation water use efficiency under DI at 75% ETc was observed to be 81-83% higher, over that under FI. The heavier fruits with better quality (higher TSS, ascorbic acid, total sugar and reducing sugar, and lower acidity) were harvested in DI at 75% FI compared to FI. The plant water status (relative leaf water content, leaf water concentration, leaf water potential, stem water potential) was superior with fully-irrigated plants. Likewise, under FI, the plants registered maximum rate of net-photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in leaves. However, the plants under DI at 50% ETc exhibited the highest leaf water use efficiency (photosynthesis rate / transpiration rate). The leaf nutrient (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) analysis revealed that the concentration of all the nutrients was observed to be higher with fullyirrigated plants, which was associated with higher availability of such nutrients in soil under this treatment. Yield prediction employing principal component-regression, taking leaf-N, leaf-K, stem water potential stress index, stomatal conductance and water band index as the predictors, gave satisfactory result.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% ETc, deficit irrigation gave 8-9% lower fruit yield than full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“DI at 75% ETc produced marginally lower fruit yield (8-9%), with lower vegetative growth of the plants in comparison to that under FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% ETc, deficit irrigation reduced vegetative growth relative to full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“DI at 75% ETc produced marginally lower fruit yield (8-9%), with lower vegetative growth of the plants in comparison to that under FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water use efficiency at 75% ETc was 81-83% higher than under full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“the irrigation water use efficiency under DI at 75% ETc was observed to be 81-83% higher, over that under FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit under 75% full irrigation were heavier than under full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“The heavier fruits with better quality (higher TSS, ascorbic acid, total sugar and reducing sugar, and lower acidity) were harvested in DI at 75% FI compared to FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% full irrigation, fruit TSS, ascorbic acid, total sugar, and reducing sugar were higher than under full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“higher TSS, ascorbic acid, total sugar and reducing sugar, and lower acidity) were harvested in DI at 75% FI compared to FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% full irrigation, fruit acidity was lower than under full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“lower acidity) were harvested in DI at 75% FI compared to FI.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fully irrigated plants had superior leaf and stem water status.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The plant water status (relative leaf water content, leaf water concentration, leaf water potential, stem water potential) was superior with fully-irrigated plants.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation gave the maximum net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarine1
- Treatment
- FIe0
- Outcome
- rate of net-photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiratione0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“under FI, the plants registered maximum rate of net-photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in leaves.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation at 50% ETc gave the highest leaf water use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the plants under DI at 50% ETc exhibited the highest leaf water use efficiency”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fully irrigated plants had higher leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarine1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- fullyirrigatede0
- Outcome
- concentration of all the nutrientse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The leaf nutrient (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) analysis revealed that the concentration of all the nutrients was observed to be higher with fullyirrigated plants”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient availability in soil was higher under full irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“higher availability of such nutrients in soil under this treatment”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component regression using leaf N, leaf K, stem water potential stress index, stomatal conductance, and water band index gave satisfactory yield prediction.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Schema note from the model: No quantitative performance or comparator reported.
Verbatim
e0“Yield prediction employing principal component-regression, taking leaf-N, leaf-K, stem water potential stress index, stomatal conductance and water band index as the predictors, gave satisfactory result.”
e1“drip-irrigated Kinnow mandarin”
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