Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient important for plant growth and development. It also strongly influences starch and protein synthesis, closely related to grain yield and quality. We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that application of high-N fertilizer resulted in significant increases in leaf length and area, chlorophyll content, the activity of key enzymes in leaves such as nitrate reductase (NR), and in grains such as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). This enhanced enzyme activity led to significant improvements in starch content, grain yield, and ultimately, bread making quality. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing grains under the application of high-N fertilizer performed 15 and 25 days post-anthesis identified 2470 phosphosites among 1372 phosphoproteins, of which 411 unique proteins displayed significant changes in phosphorylation level (>2-fold or <0.5-fold). These phosphoproteins are involved mainly in signaling transduction, starch synthesis, energy metabolism. Pro-Q diamond staining and Western blotting confirmed our phosphoproteomic results. We propose a putative pathway to elucidate the important roles of the central phosphoproteins regulating grain starch and protein synthesis. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of protein phosphorylation modifications involved in grain development, yield and quality formation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
High-N fertilizer significantly increased leaf length and area and chlorophyll content of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- high-N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- leaf length and area, chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e1“Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that application of high-N fertilizer resulted in significant increases in leaf length and area, chlorophyll content, the activity of key enzymes in leaves such as nitrate reductase (NR), and in grains such as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-N fertilizer significantly increased the activity of nitrate reductase in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- high-N fertilizere1
- Gene
- nitrate reductase (NR)e1
- Outcome
- the activity of key enzymese1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e1“Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that application of high-N fertilizer resulted in significant increases in leaf length and area, chlorophyll content, the activity of key enzymes in leaves such as nitrate reductase (NR), and in grains such as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-N fertilizer significantly increased the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grainse1
- Treatment
- high-N fertilizere1
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)e1
- Outcome
- the activity of key enzymese1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e1“Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that application of high-N fertilizer resulted in significant increases in leaf length and area, chlorophyll content, the activity of key enzymes in leaves such as nitrate reductase (NR), and in grains such as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-N fertilizer significantly improved starch content, grain yield and bread making quality of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high-N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- starch content, grain yield, and ultimately, bread making qualitye2
- Direction
- improvementse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e1“Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that application of high-N fertilizer resulted in significant increases in leaf length and area, chlorophyll content, the activity of key enzymes in leaves such as nitrate reductase (NR), and in grains such as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)”
e2“This enhanced enzyme activity led to significant improvements in starch content, grain yield, and ultimately, bread making quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The developing wheat grain phosphoproteome analysis identified 2470 phosphosites among 1372 phosphoproteins.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- developing grainse3
- Outcome
- phosphositese3
- Value
- 2470e3
- Qualifier
- 15 and 25 days post-anthesise3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e3“Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing grains under the application of high-N fertilizer performed 15 and 25 days post-anthesis identified 2470 phosphosites among 1372 phosphoproteins, of which 411 unique proteins displayed significant changes in phosphorylation level (>2-fold or <0.5-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the phosphoproteins, 411 unique proteins in developing wheat grains showed significant changes in phosphorylation level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- developing grainse3
- Outcome
- phosphorylation levele3
- Value
- 411e3
- Qualifier
- >2-fold or <0.5-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We performed the first comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing wheat grains in response to high-N fertilizer”
e3“Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of developing grains under the application of high-N fertilizer performed 15 and 25 days post-anthesis identified 2470 phosphosites among 1372 phosphoproteins, of which 411 unique proteins displayed significant changes in phosphorylation level (>2-fold or <0.5-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Q diamond staining and Western blotting confirmed the phosphoproteomic results.
Verbatim
e4“Pro-Q diamond staining and Western blotting confirmed our phosphoproteomic results”
Claim · model-written summary
The central phosphoproteins are proposed to regulate grain starch and protein synthesis in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain starch and protein synthesise5
- Qualifier
- central phosphoproteinse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Promoting Wheat Grain Starch and Protein Synthesis”
e5“We propose a putative pathway to elucidate the important roles of the central phosphoproteins regulating grain starch and protein synthesis”
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