Abstract
Plants have complex and adaptive innate immune responses against pathogen infections. Stomata are key entry points for many plant pathogens. Both pathogens and plants regulate stomatal aperture for pathogen entry and defense, respectively. Not all plant proteins involved in stomatal aperture regulation have been identified. Here, we report GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE4 (GCN4), an AAA+-ATPase family protein, as one of the key proteins regulating stomatal aperture during biotic and abiotic stress. Silencing of GCN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana compromises host and nonhost disease resistance due to open stomata during pathogen infection. AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali), reduced pathogen entry, and enhanced drought tolerance. This study also demonstrates that AtGCN4 interacts with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins and suggests that GCN4 degrades RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins via a proteasome-mediated pathway and thereby reduces the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase complex, thus reducing proton pump activity to close stomata.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
GCN4 silencing compromised host and nonhost resistance during pathogen infection in both plants.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Silencing of GCN4e0
- Gene
- GCN4e0
- Outcome
- host and nonhost disease resistancee0
- Direction
- compromisese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of GCN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana compromises host and nonhost disease resistance due to open stomata during pathogen infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
GCN4 silencing left stomata open during pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Silencing of GCN4e0
- Gene
- GCN4e0
- Outcome
- open stomata during pathogen infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of GCN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana compromises host and nonhost disease resistance due to open stomata during pathogen infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 overexpression reduced H+-ATPase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtGCN4 overexpressione0
- Gene
- AtGCN4e0
- Outcome
- H+-ATPase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 overexpression reduced stomatal responsiveness to coronatine.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtGCN4 overexpressione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Compound
- coronatinee0
- Outcome
- stomata that are less responsivee0
- Direction
- less responsivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 overexpression reduced stomatal responsiveness to fusicoccin.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtGCN4 overexpressione1
- Interactor
- Fusicoccum amygdaliDiaporthe amygdalie0pathogen
- Compound
- fusicoccine0
- Outcome
- stomata that are less responsivee0
- Direction
- less responsivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali)”
e1“AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 overexpression reduced pathogen entry.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtGCN4 overexpressione0
- Outcome
- pathogen entrye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali), reduced pathogen entry”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 overexpression enhanced drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtGCN4 overexpressione0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali), reduced pathogen entry, and enhanced drought tolerance.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtGCN4 interacted with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtGCN4e0
- Outcome
- interacts with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtGCN4 interacts with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose GCN4 degrades RIN4 and 14-3-3 through a proteasome-mediated pathway to reduce proton pump activity and close stomata.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- GCN4e0
- Outcome
- close stomatae0
- Qualifier
- proteasome-mediated pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggests that GCN4 degrades RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins via a proteasome-mediated pathway and thereby reduces the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase complex, thus reducing proton pump activity to close stomata.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.