Abstract
Human nutrition and health can be improved by enhancing the nutritional value of food crops. Efforts to increase wheat grain protein content (GPC) and micronutrient levels have been hindered by their large environmental dependency and their complex inheritance. We recently cloned the high-grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 from wild wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and showed that it encodes a NAC transcription factor (NAM-B1) associated with differences in senescence. The ancestral wild wheat allele is functional, whereas the allele present in modern wheat varieties is either deleted or has a frame shift mutation and is non-functional. The introgression of the functional allele results in average 5-10% increases in grain protein, Fe and Zn concentration and also in a ~5% increase in total grain N yield (N concentration x grain yield), balanced by a similar decrease in the straw. The functional allele was also associated with a significant decrease in grain Cd in some genotypes. In addition, the functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence which results in reduced grain filling periods and in some genotypes, smaller grain size (~5%). In some lines, the smaller grains were compensated by other yield components resulting in no significant differences in yield. This suggests that breeding can be used to ameliorate the negative effect of this gene on grain size. Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAM homologs by RNA interference delayed senescence by more than 3 weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, zinc, and iron content by more than 30% compared to the non-transgenic control lines. We have also developed TILLING mutants for all the NAM genes and confirmed delayed senescence in some of them. Our results suggest that lines with higher amounts of NAM transcripts (non-transgenic controls) are able to remobilize more minerals, in a shorter time frame. This more efficient remobilization of N and minerals to the grain is the source of the observed increases in total N yield. The absence of the functional NAM-B1 allele in the modern wheat germplasm suggests a broad potential impact of the functional allele in cultivated durum and bread wheat varieties.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The high-grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 cloned from wild wheat encodes a NAC transcription factor (NAM-B1).
Verbatim
e0“We recently cloned the high-grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 from wild wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and showed that it encodes a NAC transcription factor (NAM-B1)”
Claim · model-written summary
NAM-B1 is associated with differences in senescence.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Gene
- NAM-B1e0
- Outcome
- differences in senescencee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAC transcription factor (NAM-B1) associated with differences in senescence”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The ancestral wild wheat allele is functional.
Verbatim
e0“The ancestral wild wheat allele is functional”
Claim · model-written summary
The allele present in modern wheat varieties is either deleted or has a frame shift mutation and is non-functional.
Verbatim
e0“the allele present in modern wheat varieties is either deleted or has a frame shift mutation and is non-functional”
Claim · model-written summary
Introgression of the functional allele increased grain protein, Fe and Zn concentration by 5-10% on average.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- introgression of the functional allelee0
- Outcome
- grain protein, Fe and Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 5-10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The introgression of the functional allele results in average 5-10% increases in grain protein, Fe and Zn concentration”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Introgression of the functional allele increased total grain N yield by about 5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- introgression of the functional allelee0
- Outcome
- total grain N yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- ~5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The introgression of the functional allele”
e1“a ~5% increase in total grain N yield (N concentration x grain yield)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in total grain N yield was balanced by a similar decrease in the straw.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- introgression of the functional allelee0
- Outcome
- similar decrease in the strawe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The introgression of the functional allele”
e1“balanced by a similar decrease in the straw”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The functional Gpc-B1 allele was associated with a significant decrease in grain Cd in some genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- functional allelee0
- Outcome
- grain Cde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- in some genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The functional allele was also associated with a significant decrease in grain Cd in some genotypes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- functional Gpc-B1 allelee0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- acceleratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence which results in reduced grain filling periods and in some genotypes, smaller grain size (~5%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The functional Gpc-B1 allele reduced grain filling periods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- functional Gpc-B1 allelee0
- Outcome
- grain filling periodse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence which results in reduced grain filling periods and in some genotypes, smaller grain size (~5%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In some genotypes the functional Gpc-B1 allele resulted in smaller grain size (about 5%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- functional Gpc-B1 allelee0
- Outcome
- grain sizee0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- ~5%e0
- Qualifier
- in some genotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence which results in reduced grain filling periods and in some genotypes, smaller grain size (~5%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In some lines the smaller grains were compensated by other yield components, giving no significant difference in yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- In some linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In some lines, the smaller grains were compensated by other yield components resulting in no significant differences in yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that breeding can be used to ameliorate the negative effect of this gene on grain size.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ameliorate the negative effect of this gene on grain sizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that breeding can be used to ameliorate the negative effect of this gene on grain size”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA interference reducing RNA levels of the multiple NAM homologs delayed senescence by more than 3 weeks compared with non-transgenic control lines.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RNA interferencee0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- more than 3 weekse0
- Comparator
- non-transgenic control linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAM homologs by RNA interference delayed senescence by more than 3 weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, zinc, and iron content by more than 30% compared to the non-transgenic control lines”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA interference of the NAM homologs reduced wheat grain protein, zinc and iron content by more than 30% compared with non-transgenic controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RNA interferencee0
- Outcome
- wheat grain protein, zinc, and iron contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 30%e0
- Comparator
- non-transgenic control linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAM homologs by RNA interference delayed senescence by more than 3 weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, zinc, and iron content by more than 30% compared to the non-transgenic control lines”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TILLING mutants for all the NAM genes confirmed delayed senescence in some of them.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- NAM genese0
- Outcome
- delayed senescencee0
- Qualifier
- in some of theme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We have also developed TILLING mutants for all the NAM genes and confirmed delayed senescence in some of them”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lines with higher amounts of NAM transcripts (non-transgenic controls) are able to remobilize more minerals in a shorter time frame.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- NAM transcriptse0
- Outcome
- remobilize more mineralse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lines with higher amounts of NAM transcripts (non-transgenic controls) are able to remobilize more minerals, in a shorter time frame”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
More efficient remobilization of N and minerals to the grain is the proposed source of the observed increases in total N yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- increases in total N yielde0
- Qualifier
- more efficient remobilization of N and minerals to the graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This more efficient remobilization of N and minerals to the grain is the source of the observed increases in total N yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The absence of the functional NAM-B1 allele in modern wheat germplasm suggests a broad potential impact of the functional allele in cultivated durum and bread wheat varieties.
Verbatim
e0“The absence of the functional NAM-B1 allele in the modern wheat germplasm suggests a broad potential impact of the functional allele in cultivated durum and bread wheat varieties”
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See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.