Abstract
Replant disease presents a significant barrier to the reestablishment of orchards. In the Okanagan Valley, Canada, the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, is widely distributed and implicated in poor growth of newly planted fruit trees. Restrictions on soil fumigants have generated interest in alternative management strategies for disease control. Using a combination of greenhouse and field experiments, this dissertation evaluated the effects of composts, bark chip mulch, biocontrol inoculation, and two different irrigation systems (drip emitter and microsprinkler) on the establishment of apple and sweet cherry trees in old orchard soil, P. penetrans population dynamics, as well as biotic and abiotic factors that may have contributed to enhanced plant growth and nematode suppression. In the first greenhouse experiment, compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil, suppressed P. penetrans, enhanced soil populations of total bacteria, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing (DAPG+) bacteria, pyrrolnitrin-producing (PRN+) bacteria, and altered the composition of the soil microbial community. In the field experiment, compost amendment and surface application of bark chip mulch increased trunk diameters of sweet cherry trees planted at an old orchard site as well as suppressed P. penetrans populations. Compost enhanced rhizosphere populations of total bacteria, DAPG+ bacteria, and PRN+ bacteria, soil microbial activity, soil biological suppressiveness, and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Bark chip mulch enhanced rhizosphere populations of total fungi, soil microbial activity, and soil biological suppressiveness. Drip irrigation promoted greater trunk diameters and fruit yield, suppressed P. penetrans populations, and trees had greater root colonization by AMF relative to microsprinkler irrigation. In the second greenhouse experiment, compost amendments increased plant growth relative to that of untreated soil in six out of twelve of the orchard soil x compost type combinations evaluated, and suppressed P. penetrans in four out of twelve treatment combinations. Inoculation with antagonistic Pseudomonas isolates provided minor plant growth promotion and P. penetrans suppression in orchard soil. Overall, preplant incorporation of composts and surface application of bark chip mulch, alongside the use of drip irrigation resulted in the best establishment of sweet cherry trees in old orchard soil.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Compost improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil.
- Taxon
- apple and sweet cherry seedlings
Malus domestica
Prunus aviume0 - Treatment
- compost amendmentse0
- Outcome
- growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlingse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- old orchard soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Biocontrol inoculation did not improve growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings.
- Taxon
- apple and sweet cherry seedlingsMalus domesticaPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- biocontrol inoculatione0
- Outcome
- growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlingse0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost suppressed P. penetrans in the first greenhouse experiment.
- Taxon
- apple and sweet cherry seedlingsMalus domesticaPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- compost amendmentse0
- Interactor
- P. penetrans
Pratylenchus penetranse0pest - Outcome
- P. penetranse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil, suppressed P. penetrans”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased soil populations of total, DAPG+ and PRN+ bacteria.
- Taxon
- apple and sweet cherry seedlingsMalus domesticaPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- compost amendmentse0
- Outcome
- soil populations of total bacteria, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing (DAPG+) bacteria, pyrrolnitrin-producing (PRN+) bacteriae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil, suppressed P. penetrans, enhanced soil populations of total bacteria, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing (DAPG+) bacteria, pyrrolnitrin-producing (PRN+) bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost altered soil microbial community composition.
- Taxon
- apple and sweet cherry seedlingsMalus domesticaPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- compost amendmentse0
- Outcome
- composition of the soil microbial communitye0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments, but not biocontrol inoculation, improved growth of apple and sweet cherry seedlings in old orchard soil, suppressed P. penetrans, enhanced soil populations of total bacteria, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing (DAPG+) bacteria, pyrrolnitrin-producing (PRN+) bacteria, and altered the composition of the soil microbial community.”
Claim · model-written summary
Field compost increased sweet-cherry trunk diameter.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry treesPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- compost amendmente0
- Outcome
- trunk diameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- old orchard sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendment and surface application of bark chip mulch increased trunk diameters of sweet cherry trees planted at an old orchard site”
Claim · model-written summary
Field bark-chip mulch increased sweet-cherry trunk diameter.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry treesPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- surface application of bark chip mulche0
- Outcome
- trunk diameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- old orchard sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendment and surface application of bark chip mulch increased trunk diameters of sweet cherry trees planted at an old orchard site”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost suppressed P. penetrans populations in the field.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry treesPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- compost amendmente0
- Interactor
- P. penetransPratylenchus penetranse0pest
- Outcome
- P. penetrans populationse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendment and surface application of bark chip mulch increased trunk diameters of sweet cherry trees planted at an old orchard site as well as suppressed P. penetrans populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark-chip mulch suppressed P. penetrans populations in the field.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry treesPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- surface application of bark chip mulche0
- Interactor
- P. penetransPratylenchus penetranse0pest
- Outcome
- P. penetrans populationse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendment and surface application of bark chip mulch increased trunk diameters of sweet cherry trees planted at an old orchard site as well as suppressed P. penetrans populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost enhanced rhizosphere total, DAPG+ and PRN+ bacteria.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Composte0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere populations of total bacteria, DAPG+ bacteria, and PRN+ bacteriae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Compost enhanced rhizosphere populations of total bacteria, DAPG+ bacteria, and PRN+ bacteria, soil microbial activity, soil biological suppressiveness, and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost enhanced soil microbial activity, suppressiveness and AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Composte0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil microbial activity, soil biological suppressiveness, and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Compost enhanced rhizosphere populations of total bacteria, DAPG+ bacteria, and PRN+ bacteria, soil microbial activity, soil biological suppressiveness, and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark-chip mulch enhanced rhizosphere fungi, soil activity and suppressiveness.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Bark chip mulche0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere populations of total fungi, soil microbial activity, and soil biological suppressivenesse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bark chip mulch enhanced rhizosphere populations of total fungi, soil microbial activity, and soil biological suppressiveness.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased sweet-cherry trunk diameter and fruit yield relative to microsprinklers.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation promoted greater trunk diameters and fruit yield, suppressed P. penetrans populations, and trees had greater root colonization by AMF relative to microsprinkler irrigation.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation suppressed P. penetrans relative to microsprinklers.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Drip irrigatione0
- Interactor
- P. penetransPratylenchus penetranse0pest
- Outcome
- P. penetrans populationse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- microsprinkler irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation promoted greater trunk diameters and fruit yield, suppressed P. penetrans populations, and trees had greater root colonization by AMF relative to microsprinkler irrigation.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased AMF root colonization relative to microsprinklers.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation promoted greater trunk diameters and fruit yield, suppressed P. penetrans populations, and trees had greater root colonization by AMF relative to microsprinkler irrigation.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased plant growth in six of twelve soil-by-compost combinations.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments increased plant growth relative to that of untreated soil in six out of twelve of the orchard soil x compost type combinations evaluated”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost suppressed P. penetrans in four of twelve treatment combinations.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- compost amendmentse0
- Interactor
- P. penetransPratylenchus penetranse0pest
- Outcome
- P. penetranse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- four out of twelvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost amendments increased plant growth relative to that of untreated soil in six out of twelve of the orchard soil x compost type combinations evaluated, and suppressed P. penetrans in four out of twelve treatment combinations.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonistic Pseudomonas inoculation produced minor plant growth promotion.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with antagonistic Pseudomonas isolatese0
- Interactor
- antagonistic Pseudomonas isolatese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth promotione0
- Direction
- promotione0
- Setting
- orchard soile0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with antagonistic Pseudomonas isolates provided minor plant growth promotion and P. penetrans suppression in orchard soil.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonistic Pseudomonas inoculation gave minor P. penetrans suppression.
- Taxon
- fruit treest0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with antagonistic Pseudomonas isolatese0
- Interactor
- P. penetransPratylenchus penetranse0pest
- Second interactor
- antagonistic Pseudomonas isolatese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- P. penetrans suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with antagonistic Pseudomonas isolates provided minor plant growth promotion and P. penetrans suppression in orchard soil.”
t0“fruit trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant compost, surface bark mulch and drip irrigation gave the best sweet-cherry establishment in old orchard soil.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry treesPrunus aviume0
- Treatment
- preplant incorporation of composts and surface application of bark chip mulch, alongside the use of drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- best establishment of sweet cherry treese0
- Setting
- old orchard soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, preplant incorporation of composts and surface application of bark chip mulch, alongside the use of drip irrigation resulted in the best establishment of sweet cherry trees in old orchard soil.”
The same questions in other papers
other · growth · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
irrigation · disease · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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other · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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See all 11 papers →inoculation · growth · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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See all 14 papers →irrigation · yield · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 18 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.