Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize

Abstract

of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture. Annamalai Nagarto study the response of irrigated maize (Zea mays L) to various weed management practices, laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprises of eleven treatments. Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1). This was followed by preemergence application of metribuzin 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS.

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Claims 8

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence gave higher plant height, LAI, DMP than other treatments.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Outcome: plant height, LAI, DMPe0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Zea mays* · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence gave higher cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter than other treatments.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Outcome: cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diametere0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence gave the least weed population.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Interactor: weedse0weed
Outcome: weed populatione0
Direction: leaste0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence gave the least weed biomass.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Interactor: weedse0weed
Outcome: weed biomasse0
Direction: leaste0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence gave the least nutrient depletion by weeds.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Interactor: weedse0weed
Outcome: nutrient depletion by weedse0
Direction: leaste0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence had the highest weed control index, 91.38%.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Interactor: weedse0weed
Outcome: weed control indexe0
Direction: higheste0
Value: 91.38%e0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The atrazine and 2,4-D sequence favored higher grain yield, 6342 kg ha -1.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 6342 kg ha -1e0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“Among the different weed control treatments, pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS excelled other treatments by recording higher values of growth and yield components such as plant height, LAI, DMP, cob length, number of grains cob -1 , cob diameter etc., and the least weed population, weed biomass and nutrient depletion by weeds with the highest weed control index (91.38%) favouring higher yield attributes and grain yield (6342 kg ha -1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–781 · show in text ↑

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The metribuzin and 2,4-D sequence ranked second among weed control treatments.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome: This was followed by preemergence application of metribuzin 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DASe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Studies on Weed Management in Irrigated Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–45 · show in text ↑

e0
“This was followed by preemergence application of metribuzin 1.0 kg ha -1 on 3 DAS + post emergence application of 2,4-D @ 0.75 kg ha -1 on 21 DAS.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 782–928 · show in text ↑

2,4-D · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

46 papers: 37 positive, 9 negative or no effect

36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction

no effect
Naptalam, dalapon and 2,4‐D did not affect maize growth under similar conditions.
SHOOT ZONE UPTAKE OF SOIL‐APPLIED HERBICIDES* · 1968
Opposite direction
no effect
The 2,4-D potencies did not have a statistically significant effect on maize germination.
Stimulative influence of germination and growth of maize seedlings originating from aged seeds by 2,4-D potencies · 2013 · compared with distilled water (control)
Opposite direction
negative
The 2,4-D highest concentration decreased relative growth rate in maize seedlings by 39%.
Insights into the mechanism of abscisic acid-induced 2, 4-D tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings: Study on the regulation of osmolytes, fluorescence, photosynthetic carbon reactions, and antioxidant metabolism · 2024
Opposite direction

42 papers more in this group

See all 46 papers →

atrazine · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

202 papers: 197 positive, 5 negative or no effect

196 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

negative
Reducing atrazine and metolachlor to one-fourth the rate in the absence of cover crop reduced weed control in three of four years compared with the standard treatment.
Reduced-Herbicide Weed Management Systems for No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays) in a Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) Cover Crop · 1993 · compared with the standard treatment
Opposite direction
negative
Early preplant atrazine and/or metolachlor gave reduced late season weed control in no till corn compared with preemergence or sequential application.
Early Preplant Atrazine and Metolachlor in Conservation Tillage Corn (Zea mays) · 1991 · compared with preemergence and early preplant/preemergence sequential treatments
Opposite direction
negative
Atrazine applied at 21 DAS failed to control the weeds satisfactorily.
Atrazine as Post-emergence Herbicide for Weed Control in Maize (Zea mays L.) · 1994
Opposite direction

198 papers more in this group

See all 202 papers →

atrazine · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

240 papers: 205 positive, 35 negative or no effect

204 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Corn grain yield fell 39% in year five where atrazine had been discontinued.
Weed Seed Decline in Irrigated Soil after Six Years of Continuous Corn(Zea mays)and Herbicides · 1984
Opposite direction
no effect
Sweet corn yields at Blackville and Tifton were similar between the half and full rates of atrazine plus S-metolachlor after wild radish or rye cover crops.
Use of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and Rye Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Sweet Corn · 2008
Opposite direction
negative
Reducing atrazine and metolachlor to one-fourth the rate in the absence of cover crop reduced corn yield in two of four years compared with the standard treatment.
Reduced-Herbicide Weed Management Systems for No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays) in a Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) Cover Crop · 1993 · compared with the standard treatment
Opposite direction

236 papers more in this group

See all 240 papers →

2,4-D · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

36 papers: 30 positive, 6 negative or no effect

29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

negative
2,4-D reduced maize yield per hectare by 33 to 41% compared with the hand-weeded control.
Growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to herbicide application in the coastal savannah ecozone of Ghana · 2013 · compared with control
Opposite direction
negative
Corn yield decreased 8% with 2,4-D at 560 g a.i./ha.
Tank mixture of glyphosate with 2,4-D accentuates 2,4-D injury in glyphosate-resistant corn · 2018
Opposite direction
negative
Triclopyr plus 2,4-D reduced corn yields versus weedy controls in 1990.
Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) and Wild Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) Control in No-tillage Corn (Zea mays) · 1993 · compared with weedy controls
Opposite direction

32 papers more in this group

See all 36 papers →

2,4-D · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

36 papers: 31 positive, 5 negative or no effect

30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
The mixtures increased the number of dominant weeds.
The Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn under Minimum Tillage Technology by Using Various Doses of Herbicide Mixtures of Glyphosate and 2,4-D · 2019
Opposite direction
negative
2,4-D applied pre plus post emergence failed to give satisfactory weed control in maize.
Comparison of Different Herbicides and their Effect on Growth, Yield and Control of Weeds in Maize* · 1975
Opposite direction
negative
Eradican plus 2,4-D and MCPA gave the lowest weed control, at 55%.
Feasibility of Cycloxydim Herbicide Application in Maize (Zea mays) Weed Control · 2017
Opposite direction

32 papers more in this group

See all 36 papers →

atrazine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

56 papers: 41 positive, 15 negative or no effect

40 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction

no effect
Neither pre- nor post-emergence encapsulated atrazine affected maize shoot growth at either concentration.
Evaluation of the side effects of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing atrazine toward maize plants · 2015
Opposite direction
no effect
Atrazine combined with tridiphane did not change corn growth.
Tridiphane as a Synergist for Herbicides in Corn (Zea mays) and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) · 1985
Opposite direction
no effect
Atrazine at 1.5 ppm did not significantly affect dry weight of corn plants.
Effects of Low Levels of Atrazine on Some Mineral Constituents and Forms of Nitrogen in Zea mays L.¹ · 1972
Opposite direction

52 papers more in this group

See all 56 papers →

herbicide · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

143 papers: 86 positive, 57 negative or no effect

85 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Late-season weed biomass in GMHT maize was 82% higher.
Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops. I. Effects on abundance and diversity · 2003 · compared with conventional treatment
Opposite direction
negative
Weed biomass was higher in GMHT maize.
Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops. II. Effects on individual species · 2003
Opposite direction
negative
Lack of weed control reduced dry mass of the above-ground part, internode diameter and leaf length of corn.
Corn yield response to weed and fall armyworm controls · 2010 · compared with weed control
Opposite direction

139 papers more in this group

See all 143 papers →

herbicide · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

406 papers: 360 positive, 46 negative or no effect

359 papers in the same direction as this paper · 36 in the opposite direction · 10 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
GMHT management increased weed biomass in maize.
Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops · 2003 · compared with conventional treatments
Opposite direction
negative
Without herbicide, weed control was poor regardless of row spacing or population.
Influence of Narrow Row/High Population Corn (Zea mays) on Weed Control and Light Transmittance · 1995
Opposite direction
no effect
Weed diversity was little affected by treatment in all three crops except immediately after herbicide use.
Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops. I. Effects on abundance and diversity · 2003
Opposite direction

402 papers more in this group

See all 406 papers →

8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 8

The same questions in other papers

2,4-D · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

atrazine · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

atrazine · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

2,4-D · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

2,4-D · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

atrazine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

herbicide · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

herbicide · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results