Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth, and inoculating plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria is a well‐known strategy to reduce stressors under adverse soil conditions. This study was conducted to assess the effect of halotolerant phosphate‐solubilising bacteria (PSB) on protecting peanut against salt stress. Four candidate strains: Bacillus megaterium (YM13), Enterobacter sp. (YM14), Providencia rettgeri (TPM23) and Ensifer adhaeren (TPMX5) showed strong tolerance to NaCl and high phosphate‐solubilising ability even at a NaCl concentration of 1.4 M. In addition, all four strains demonstrated variable levels of phosphate solubilisation activity in the presence of various carbon and nitrogen sources, indicating high phosphate‐solubilising efficacy. Germination and radicle length of peanut seedlings increased with inoculation of PSB under both control and saline conditions. Statistically significant increase in the root length (range: 25.71–49%), stem length (19–48%), number of leaves (12.5–37%) and root/shoot biomass were observed. This could be attributed to plant hormones (i.e., indole acetic acid [IAA], abscisic acid [ABA] and gibberellic acid [GA3]) and successful root colonisation by bacterial inoculants. Root colonisation was positively correlated to plant growth and shown to be influenced by soil conditions. In addition, the PSB also improved the levels of available P in soil. The most pronounced beneficial effect on the growth of peanut plants and soil available P content was observed in the inoculation of the PSB isolates with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 addition. This is the first report that describes Providencia rettgeri as a plant growth‐promoting bacterium that may be utilised to alleviate the negative effects of salt stress on peanut plants. This bacterial species may thus be potentially used as a biofertilizer for sustaining the growth of peanut in salt‐stressed soil and in mitigating soil stress conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
All four bacterial strains tolerated NaCl at 1.4 M and solubilized phosphate.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Interactor
- Bacillus megaterium (YM13)
Priestia megateriume0symbiont - Outcome
- strong tolerance to NaCl and high phosphate‐solubilising abilitye0
- Value
- 1.4 Me0
- Qualifier
- Enterobacter sp. (YM14), Providencia rettgeri (TPM23) and Ensifer adhaeren (TPMX5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four candidate strains: Bacillus megaterium (YM13), Enterobacter sp. (YM14), Providencia rettgeri (TPM23) and Ensifer adhaeren (TPMX5) showed strong tolerance to NaCl and high phosphate‐solubilising ability even at a NaCl concentration of 1.4 M.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
Claim · model-written summary
Four strains showed variable phosphate solubilization with different carbon and nitrogen sources.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilisation activitye0
- Qualifier
- various carbon and nitrogen sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all four strains demonstrated variable levels of phosphate solubilisation activity in the presence of various carbon and nitrogen sources”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB inoculation increased peanut germination and radicle length under control and saline conditions.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of PSBe0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Germination and radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under both control and saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination and radicle length of peanut seedlings increased with inoculation of PSB under both control and saline conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased peanut root length by 25.71–49%.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of PSBe1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25.71–49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant increase in the root length (range: 25.71–49%), stem length (19–48%), number of leaves (12.5–37%) and root/shoot biomass were observed.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
e1“inoculation of PSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased peanut stem length by 19–48%.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of PSBe1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- stem lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 19–48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant increase in the root length (range: 25.71–49%), stem length (19–48%), number of leaves (12.5–37%) and root/shoot biomass were observed.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
e1“inoculation of PSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased peanut leaf number by 12.5–37%.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of PSBe1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12.5–37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant increase in the root length (range: 25.71–49%), stem length (19–48%), number of leaves (12.5–37%) and root/shoot biomass were observed.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
e1“inoculation of PSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased peanut root and shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of PSBe1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root/shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant increase in the root length (range: 25.71–49%), stem length (19–48%), number of leaves (12.5–37%) and root/shoot biomass were observed.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
e1“inoculation of PSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant hormones and bacterial root colonization were proposed as explanations for growth promotion.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- bacterial inoculantse0symbiont
- Compound
- plant hormonese0
- Outcome
- root colonisatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This could be attributed to plant hormones (i.e., indole acetic acid [IAA], abscisic acid [ABA] and gibberellic acid [GA3]) and successful root colonisation by bacterial inoculants.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization correlated positively with plant growth and depended on soil conditions.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Roote0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- soil conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root colonisation was positively correlated to plant growth and shown to be influenced by soil conditions.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB improved available soil phosphorus.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PSBe0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- available P in soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the PSB also improved the levels of available P in soil.”
t0“peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB with calcium phosphate produced the strongest peanut growth benefit.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the PSB isolates with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 additione0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of peanut plantse0
- Direction
- most pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most pronounced beneficial effect on the growth of peanut plants and soil available P content was observed in the inoculation of the PSB isolates with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB with calcium phosphate produced the strongest soil available phosphorus benefit.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the PSB isolates with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 additione0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil available P contente0
- Direction
- most pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most pronounced beneficial effect on the growth of peanut plants and soil available P content was observed in the inoculation of the PSB isolates with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify Providencia rettgeri as a peanut growth promoting bacterium.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- Providencia rettgeriProvidencia rettgerie0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth‐promoting bacteriume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Providencia rettgeri as a plant growth‐promoting bacterium that may be utilised to alleviate the negative effects of salt stress on peanut plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Providencia rettgeri as a biofertilizer for peanut in saline soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- Providencia rettgeriProvidencia rettgerie1symbiont
- Outcome
- biofertilizer for sustaining the growth of peanut in salt‐stressed soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This bacterial species may thus be potentially used as a biofertilizer for sustaining the growth of peanut in salt‐stressed soil”
e1“Providencia rettgeri as a plant growth‐promoting bacterium”
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