Abstract
Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), a lifeline for the majority of the population in South Asia is under stress, due to the imbalanced and indiscriminate use of fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an on-farm study at eight locations (Amritsar, Katni, Nainital, Samba, Pakur, Kanpur, Ambedkarnagar, and Dindori) covering five agro climatic zones of six Indian states (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand) to (i) calculate the partial factor productivity (PFP) and agronomic use efficiency (AUE) to judge the response of NPK and Zn on grain yield of rice and wheat in RWCS and (ii) to work out the economic feasibility of different combinations of NPK in rice and wheat. Seven fertilizer treatments: Control (0-0-0), N alone (N-0-0), NP (N-P-0), NK (N-0-K), NPK (N-P-K), NPK+Zn (N-P-K-Zn), and FFMP (Farmers Fertilizer Management Practice) were assigned to all the locations. The levels of applied nutrients were used as per the standard recommendation of the location. The average of all the locations showed that the use of NP enhances the grain yield of rice and wheat by 105% and 97% over control, respectively. System productivity of RWCS was expressed in terms of rice grain equivalent yield (RGEY), Mg ha−1. Among the locations, Samba recorded the lowest productivity of RWCS with fertilizer treatments. In contrast, the highest productivity of RWCS with fertilizer treatments was recorded at Amritsar, except with NPK and NPK+Zn fertilization, where Katni superseded the Amritsar. An approximately 3-fold productivity gain in RWCS was recorded with the conjoint use of NP over control across the locations. Overall, the results of our study showed that the balance application of NPK increased the productivity of RWCS 245% over control. Partial factor productivity of Nitrogen (PFPn) N alone in rice varied across locations and ranged from 19 kg grain kg−1 N at Pakur to 41 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar. PFPn of N alone in wheat also ranged from 15.5 kg grain kg−1 of N at Ambedkarnagar to 28 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar. However, across locations the mean value of PFPn of N alone was 29 kg grain kg−1 N in rice and 21 kg grain kg−1 N in wheat. PFPn increased when combined application of N and P sorted in both rice and wheat across the locations. Similarly, combined application of NPK increased partial factor productivity of applied phosphorus (PFPp) in both the crops at all the locations. The combined application of NPK increased the PFPk for applied K at all the location. The response of K application with N and P when averaged over the location was 114% in rice and 93% in wheat over the combined use of N and K. In our study, irrespective of fertilizer treatments, the agronomic use efficiency of applied N (AUEn) and agronomic use efficiency of applied P (AUEp) were greater in rice than in wheat across the location. With regards to the economics, the mean net monetary returns among the fertilizers treatments was minimum (INR 29.5 × 103 ha−1) for the application of N alone and maximum (INR 8.65 × 103 ha−1) for application of NPK+Zn. The mean marginal returns across the locations was in order of N alone > NK > FFM > NPK > NP > NPK+Zn.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NP enhanced rice grain yield by 105% over control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- NPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancese0
- Value
- 105%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of NP enhances the grain yield of rice and wheat by 105% and 97% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
NP enhanced wheat grain yield by 97% over control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancese0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of NP enhances the grain yield of rice and wheat by 105% and 97% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Samba had the lowest fertilized rice-wheat system productivity.
Verbatim
e0“Samba recorded the lowest productivity of RWCS with fertilizer treatments.”
e1“Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amritsar had the highest fertilized system productivity except under NPK and NPK+Zn.
Verbatim
e0“the highest productivity of RWCS with fertilizer treatments was recorded at Amritsar, except with NPK and NPK+Zn fertilization, where Katni superseded the Amritsar.”
e1“Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Katni surpassed Amritsar in system productivity under NPK and NPK+Zn.
Verbatim
e0“the highest productivity of RWCS with fertilizer treatments was recorded at Amritsar, except with NPK and NPK+Zn fertilization, where Katni superseded the Amritsar.”
e1“Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS)”
Claim · model-written summary
NP produced an approximately threefold system productivity gain over control across locations.
Verbatim
e0“An approximately 3-fold productivity gain in RWCS was recorded with the conjoint use of NP over control across the locations.”
e1“Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced NPK increased system productivity 245% over control.
Verbatim
e0“the balance application of NPK increased the productivity of RWCS 245% over control.”
e1“Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice nitrogen partial factor productivity under N alone ranged from 19 at Pakur to 41 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N alonee0
- Outcome
- Partial factor productivity of Nitrogene0
- Value
- 19 kg grain kg−1 Ne0
- Qualifier
- 41 kg grain kg−1 Ne0
- Setting
- Pakure0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial factor productivity of Nitrogen (PFPn) N alone in rice varied across locations and ranged from 19 kg grain kg−1 N at Pakur to 41 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat nitrogen partial factor productivity under N alone ranged from 15.5 at Ambedkarnagar to 28 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N alonee0
- Outcome
- PFPne0
- Value
- 15.5 kg grain kg−1 of Ne0
- Qualifier
- 28 kg grain kg−1 Ne0
- Setting
- Ambedkarnagare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PFPn of N alone in wheat also ranged from 15.5 kg grain kg−1 of N at Ambedkarnagar to 28 kg grain kg−1 N at Amritsar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean nitrogen partial factor productivity under N alone was 29 kg grain kg−1 N in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N alonee0
- Outcome
- PFPne0
- Value
- 29 kg grain kg−1 Ne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“across locations the mean value of PFPn of N alone was 29 kg grain kg−1 N in rice and 21 kg grain kg−1 N in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean nitrogen partial factor productivity under N alone was 21 kg grain kg−1 N in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N alonee0
- Outcome
- PFPne0
- Value
- 21 kg grain kg−1 Ne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“across locations the mean value of PFPn of N alone was 29 kg grain kg−1 N in rice and 21 kg grain kg−1 N in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and P increased nitrogen partial factor productivity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combined application of N and Pe0
- Outcome
- PFPne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PFPn increased when combined application of N and P sorted in both rice and wheat across the locations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and P increased nitrogen partial factor productivity in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of N and Pe0
- Outcome
- PFPne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PFPn increased when combined application of N and P sorted in both rice and wheat across the locations.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased phosphorus partial factor productivity in both crops at all locations.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NPKe0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of applied phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of NPK increased partial factor productivity of applied phosphorus (PFPp) in both the crops at all the locations.”
e1“rice and wheat in RWCS”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased potassium partial factor productivity at all locations.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NPKe0
- Outcome
- PFPk for applied Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of NPK increased the PFPk for applied K at all the location.”
e1“rice and wheat in RWCS”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice response to K with N and P was 114% over combined N and K.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- K application with N and Pe0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 114%e0
- Comparator
- combined use of N and Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of K application with N and P when averaged over the location was 114% in rice and 93% in wheat over the combined use of N and K.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat response to K with N and P was 93% over combined N and K.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- K application with N and Pe0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Comparator
- combined use of N and Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of K application with N and P when averaged over the location was 114% in rice and 93% in wheat over the combined use of N and K.”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic use efficiencies of N and P were greater in rice than wheat across locations regardless of fertilizer treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- agronomic use efficiency of applied N (AUEn) and agronomic use efficiency of applied P (AUEp)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of fertilizer treatmentse0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrespective of fertilizer treatments, the agronomic use efficiency of applied N (AUEn) and agronomic use efficiency of applied P (AUEp) were greater in rice than in wheat across the location.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reported mean net returns were minimum under N alone at INR 29.5 × 103 ha−1 and maximum under NPK+Zn at INR 8.65 × 103 ha−1.
- Outcome
- mean net monetary returnse0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- INR 29.5 × 103 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- maximum (INR 8.65 × 103 ha−1) for application of NPK+Zne0
Not reportedTaxon
Schema note from the model: Grouped economic treatment results to retain all results within the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“the mean net monetary returns among the fertilizers treatments was minimum (INR 29.5 × 103 ha−1) for the application of N alone and maximum (INR 8.65 × 103 ha−1) for application of NPK+Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean marginal returns ranked N alone above NK, FFM, NPK, NP and NPK+Zn.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The mean marginal returns across the locations was in order of N alone > NK > FFM > NPK > NP > NPK+Zn.”
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