Abstract
Abstract Exposure to short‐term cold stress influences disease resistance by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. The molecular basis of cold‐activated immunity was therefore investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, using a transcriptomic analysis. Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H 2 O 2 accumulation and callose deposition. Transcriptome changes induced by the 10‐hr cold treatment were similar to those caused by pathogen infection, including increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5 , and genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)‐biotrophs. In contrast, transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10‐hr cold treatment. Cold‐activated immunity was dependent on SA, being partially dependent on NPR1 and ICS1 / SID2 . In addition, transcripts encoding SA biosynthesis enzymes such as ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant, whereas GH3.5 / WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment. These findings show that cold stress cross‐activates innate immune responses via a SA‐dependent pathway.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ten hours of cold activated immunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- cold stress for 10 hre0
- Outcome
- activate immunitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten hours of cold caused H 2 O 2 accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- cold stress for 10 hre0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H 2 O 2 accumulation and callose deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten hours of cold caused callose deposition.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- cold stress for 10 hre0
- Outcome
- callose depositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H 2 O 2 accumulation and callose deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-induced transcriptome changes resembled pathogen-induced changes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 10‐hr cold treatmente0
- Outcome
- Transcriptome changese0
- Comparator
- pathogen infectione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Transcriptome changes induced by the 10‐hr cold treatment were similar to those caused by pathogen infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold increased PR2 and PR5 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- PR2 and PR5e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold increased expression of genes with positive roles against (hemi)-biotrophs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)‐biotrophse0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5 , and genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)‐biotrophs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold reduced PR4 and MYC2 marker transcript abundance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 10‐hr cold treatmente0
- Gene
- PR4 and MYC2e0
- Outcome
- transcriptse0
- Direction
- less abundante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10‐hr cold treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold reduced transcripts with positive roles against necrotrophs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 10‐hr cold treatmente0
- Gene
- transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophse0
- Outcome
- transcriptse0
- Direction
- less abundante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10‐hr cold treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-activated immunity depended on SA and partly on NPR1 and ICS1/SID2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- NPR1 and ICS1 / SID2e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- Cold‐activated immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Cold‐activated immunity was dependent on SA, being partially dependent on NPR1 and ICS1 / SID2”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold increased ICS2, PAL1, PAL2 and PAL4 transcript abundance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- cold stress treatmente0
- Gene
- ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4e0
- Outcome
- transcriptse0
- Direction
- more abundante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“transcripts encoding SA biosynthesis enzymes such as ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant, whereas GH3.5 / WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ICS1/SID2 transcripts were not more abundant after cold.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- ICS1/SID2e0
- Outcome
- ICS1/SID2e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant”
Claim · model-written summary
MES9 transcripts were more abundant after cold.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MES9e0
- Outcome
- MES9e0
- Direction
- more abundante0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5/WES1 and SOT12 transcripts were less abundant after cold.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- cold stress treatmente0
- Gene
- GH3.5 / WES1 and SOT12e0
- Outcome
- transcriptse0
- Direction
- less abundante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“GH3.5 / WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold cross-activated innate immunity through an SA-dependent pathway.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- cold stresse0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- innate immune responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“cold stress cross‐activates innate immune responses via a SA‐dependent pathway”
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