Abstract
Low light intensity is common in northern China due to fog or haze, and causes stress for crop plants. To solve the problem of low light intensity stress on the growth and development of vegetable crops in China, new cropping strategies must be developed. We previously showed that an appropriate ratio of ammonium and nitrate (NH4+:NO3−) can alleviate the effect of low light stress on plants, although it is not clear what mechanism is involved in this alleviation. We propose the hypothesis that an appropriate ammonium/nitrate ratio (10:90) can induce NO synthesis to regulate the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light intensity. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a series of hydroponic experiments. The results indicated that, under low light intensity conditions, appropriate NH4+:NO3− (N, NH4+:NO3− = 10:90) decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−) in leaves compared with nitrate treatment. Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP) had the same effects on MDA, H2O2, and O2−. However, with the addition of a NO scavenger (hemoglobin, Hb) and NO inhibitors (N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), NaN3 (NR inhibitor) significantly increased the contents of MDA, H2O2, and O2-. The application of N solution enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO), compared with control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100). Meanwhile, exogenous SNP significantly increased the above indicators. All these effects of N on AsA-GSH cycle were inhibited by the addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 in N solution. The results also revealed that the N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression level of GR, MDHAR1, APXT, DHAR2, and AAO gene in mini Chinese cabbage leaves under low light stress. These results demonstrated that the appropriate NH4+:NO3− (10:90) induced NO synthesis which regulates the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate NH4+:NO3- (10:90) decreased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion contents in leaves compared with nitrate treatment under low light.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensis
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- appropriate NH4+:NO3− (N, NH4+:NO3− = 10:90)e1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- nitrate treatmente1
- Setting
- low light intensity conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“under low light intensity conditions, appropriate NH4+:NO3− (N, NH4+:NO3− = 10:90) decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−) in leaves compared with nitrate treatment”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP) had the same effects as N on malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP)e2
- Outcome
- MDA, H2O2, and O2−e2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP) had the same effects on MDA, H2O2, and O2−”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
NaN3, the NR inhibitor, added with a NO scavenger and NO inhibitors significantly increased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion contents.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- NaN3 (NR inhibitor)e3
- Outcome
- contents of MDA, H2O2, and O2-e3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Qualifier
- with the addition of a NO scavenger (hemoglobin, Hb) and NO inhibitorse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“with the addition of a NO scavenger (hemoglobin, Hb) and NO inhibitors (N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), NaN3 (NR inhibitor) significantly increased the contents of MDA, H2O2, and O2-”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
N solution increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase compared with the 0:100 control.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- application of N solutione4
- Outcome
- activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR)e4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The application of N solution enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO), compared with control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100)”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
N solution increased the activities of dehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate oxidase compared with the 0:100 control.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- application of N solutione4
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO)e4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The application of N solution enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO), compared with control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100)”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SNP significantly increased the activities of the AsA-GSH cycle enzymes.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- exogenous SNPe5
- Outcome
- the above indicatorse5
- Direction
- significantly increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Meanwhile, exogenous SNP significantly increased the above indicators”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 inhibited the effects of N on the AsA-GSH cycle.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 in N solutione6
- Outcome
- All these effects of N on AsA-GSH cyclee6
- Direction
- were inhibitede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“All these effects of N on AsA-GSH cycle were inhibited by the addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 in N solution”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression of GR, MDHAR1 and APXT under low light stress.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- N and SNP treatmentse7
- Gene
- GR, MDHAR1, APXTe7
- Outcome
- relative expression levele7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
- Qualifier
- under low light stresse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The results also revealed that the N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression level of GR, MDHAR1, APXT, DHAR2, and AAO gene in mini Chinese cabbage leaves under low light stress”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression of DHAR2 and AAO under low light stress.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- N and SNP treatmentse7
- Gene
- DHAR2, and AAOe7
- Outcome
- relative expression levele7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
- Qualifier
- under low light stresse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The results also revealed that the N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression level of GR, MDHAR1, APXT, DHAR2, and AAO gene in mini Chinese cabbage leaves under low light stress”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate NH4+:NO3- (10:90) induces NO synthesis that regulates the AsA-GSH cycle under low light stress.
- Taxon
- Brassica pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- appropriate NH4+:NO3− (10:90)e7
- Compound
- NOe7
- Outcome
- AsA-GSH cyclee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“appropriate NH4+:NO3− (10:90) induced NO synthesis which regulates the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light stress”
t0“Brassica pekinensis”
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