Abstract
Cultivation of green manure (GM) crops in intensive cropping systems is important for enhancing crop productivity through soil quality improvement. We investigated yield sustainability, nutrient stocks, nutrient balances and enzyme activities affected by different long-term (1982–2016) green manure rotations in acidic paddy soil in a double-rice cropping system. We selected four treatments from a long-term experiment, including (1) rice-rice-winter fallow as a control treatment (R-R-F), (2) rice-rice-milkvetch (R-R-M), (3) rice-rice-rapeseed (R-R-R), and (4) rice-rice-ryegrass (R-R-G). The results showed that different GM rotations increased grain yield and the sustainable yield index compared with those of the R-R-F treatment. Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively. Over the years, grain yield increased in all treatments except R-R-F. Green manure also improved the soil chemical properties (SOM and total and available N and P), except soil pH, compared to those of the control treatment. During the 1983–1990 cultivation period, the soil pH of the R-R-M treatment was lower than that of the R-R-F treatment. The addition of green manure did not mitigate the soil acidification caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers. The soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and stocks of C, N and P increased over the years. Furthermore, GM significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities and decreased the apparent N and P balances compared with those in the winter fallow treatment. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that soil properties, cropping systems, and climatic factors significantly influenced annual grain yield. Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively. In conclusion, GM rotation is beneficial for sustaining high crop yields by improving soil biochemical properties and reducing N and P balances in acidic soil under double- rice cropping systems.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Different green manure rotations increased grain yield and the sustainable yield index of rice compared with the R-R-F rotation
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- different GM rotationse1
- Outcome
- grain yield and the sustainable yield indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“The results showed that different GM rotations increased grain yield and the sustainable yield index compared with those of the R-R-F treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-M increased early-rice grain yield by 45% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Me2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 45%e2
- Qualifier
- early ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-R increased early-rice grain yield by 29% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Re2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 29%e2
- Qualifier
- early ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-G increased early-rice grain yield by 27% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Ge2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 27%e2
- Qualifier
- early ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-M increased late-rice grain yield by 46% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Me2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 46%e2
- Qualifier
- late ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-R increased late-rice grain yield by 28% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Re2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 28%e2
- Qualifier
- late ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure rotation R-R-G increased late-rice grain yield by 26% relative to R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Ge2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 26%e2
- Qualifier
- late ricee2
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e2“Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield increased over the years in all treatments except R-R-F
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- Over the yearse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e3“Over the years, grain yield increased in all treatments except R-R-F”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure improved soil chemical properties (SOM, total and available N and P) except soil pH, compared with the control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Green manuree4
- Outcome
- soil chemical properties (SOM and total and available N and P)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Qualifier
- except soil pHe4
- Comparator
- control treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e4“Green manure also improved the soil chemical properties (SOM and total and available N and P), except soil pH, compared to those of the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding green manure did not mitigate soil acidification
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of green manuree5
- Outcome
- soil acidificatione5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e5“The addition of green manure did not mitigate the soil acidification caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities compared with winter fallow
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GMe6
- Outcome
- phosphatase and urease activitiese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- winter fallow treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e6“Furthermore, GM significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities and decreased the apparent N and P balances compared with those in the winter fallow treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure decreased apparent N and P balances compared with winter fallow
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GMe6
- Outcome
- apparent N and P balancese6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- winter fallow treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e6“Furthermore, GM significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities and decreased the apparent N and P balances compared with those in the winter fallow treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil properties, cropping systems and climatic factors significantly influenced annual rice grain yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil properties, cropping systems, and climatic factorse7
- Outcome
- annual grain yielde7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e7“Variance partitioning analysis revealed that soil properties, cropping systems, and climatic factors significantly influenced annual grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggregated boosted tree analysis gave TN content a relative influence of 27.8% on annual crop yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil propertiese1
- Compound
- TN contente1
- Outcome
- annual crop yielde1
- Value
- 27.8%e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggregated boosted tree analysis gave SOM a relative influence of 25.7% on annual crop yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil propertiese1
- Compound
- SOMe1
- Outcome
- annual crop yielde1
- Value
- 25.7%e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggregated boosted tree analysis gave pH a relative influence of 22.9% on annual crop yield
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggregated boosted tree analysis gave TP content a relative influence of 20.7% on annual crop yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil propertiese1
- Compound
- TP contente1
- Outcome
- annual crop yielde1
- Value
- 20.7%e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents increased over the years in the rice soil
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- over the yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“The soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and stocks of C, N and P increased over the years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH under the R-R-M rotation was lower than under R-R-F during 1983–1990
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R-R-Me1
- Outcome
- soil pHe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- 1983–1990 cultivation periode1
- Comparator
- R-R-Fe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System”
e1“During the 1983–1990 cultivation period, the soil pH of the R-R-M treatment was lower than that of the R-R-F treatment”
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