Abstract
Numerous Trichoderma strains have been reported to be optimal biofertilizers and biocontrol agents with low production costs and environmentally friendly properties. Trichoderma spp. promote the growth and immunity of plants by multiple means. Interfering with the hormonal homeostasis in plants is the most critical strategy. However, the mechanisms underlying plants’ responses to Trichoderma remain to be further elucidated. Auxin is the most important phytohormone that regulates almost every aspect of a plant’s life, especially the trade-off between growth and defense. The AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) family proteins are key players in auxin signaling. We studied the responses and functions of the PdPapARF1 gene in a hybrid poplar during its interaction with beneficial T. asperellum strains using transformed poplar plants with PdPapARF1 overexpression (on transcription level in this study). We report that PdPapARF1 is a positive regulator for promoting poplar growth and defense responses, as does T. asperellum inoculation. PdPapARF1 also turned out to be a positive stimulator of adventitious root formation. Particularly, the overexpression of PdPapARF1 induced a 32.3% increase in the height of 40-day-old poplar plants and a 258% increase in the amount of adventitious root of 3-week-old subcultured plant clones. Overexpressed PdPapARF1 exerted its beneficial functions through modulating the hormone levels of indole acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in plants and activating their signaling pathways, creating similar results as inoculated with T. asperellum. Particularly, in the overexpressing poplar plants, the IAA level increased by approximately twice of the wild-type plants; and the signaling pathways of IAA, JA, and SA were drastically activated than the wild-type plants under pathogen attacks. Our report presents the potential of ARFs as the crucial and positive responders in plants to Trichoderma inducing.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
PdPapARF1 was reported as a positive regulator of poplar growth and defense.
PopulusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PdPapARF1 is a positive regulator for promoting poplar growth and defense responses”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum inoculation promoted poplar growth and defense responses.
- Treatment
- T. asperellum inoculatione0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0symbiont - Outcome
- poplar growth and defense responsese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PdPapARF1 is a positive regulator for promoting poplar growth and defense responses, as does T. asperellum inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
PdPapARF1 positively stimulated adventitious root formation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PdPapARF1 also turned out to be a positive stimulator of adventitious root formation”
t0“Poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
PdPapARF1 overexpression raised the height of 40-day-old poplar plants by 32.3%.
- Organ / stage
- 40-day-olde0
- Treatment
- overexpression of PdPapARF1e0
- Gene
- PdPapARF1e0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 32.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the overexpression of PdPapARF1 induced a 32.3% increase in the height of 40-day-old poplar plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PdPapARF1 overexpression increased adventitious root amount in three-week-old subcultured clones by 258%.
- Organ / stage
- 3-week-olde0
- Treatment
- overexpression of PdPapARF1e0
- Gene
- PdPapARF1e0
- Outcome
- amount of adventitious roote0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 258%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the overexpression of PdPapARF1 induced a 32.3% increase in the height of 40-day-old poplar plants and a 258% increase in the amount of adventitious root of 3-week-old subcultured plant clones”
t0“Poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
PdPapARF1 overexpression modulated IAA, JA, and SA levels and activated their signaling pathways.
- Gene
- PdPapARF1e0
- Compound
- indole acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- beneficial functionse0
- Qualifier
- modulating the hormone levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpressed PdPapARF1 exerted its beneficial functions through modulating the hormone levels of indole acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in plants and activating their signaling pathways”
t0“Poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA level in overexpressing poplar plants was about twice that in wild type.
- Treatment
- overexpressinge0
- Outcome
- IAA levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately twicee0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the overexpressing poplar plants, the IAA level increased by approximately twice of the wild-type plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under pathogen attack, IAA, JA, and SA signaling pathways were more strongly activated in overexpressing poplar than wild type.
- Treatment
- overexpressinge1
- Outcome
- signaling pathways of IAA, JA, and SAe0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- under pathogen attackse0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the signaling pathways of IAA, JA, and SA were drastically activated than the wild-type plants under pathogen attacks”
e1“in the overexpressing poplar plants, the IAA level increased by approximately twice of the wild-type plants”
t0“Poplar”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.