Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an alternative to chemical insecticides or fertilizers, and there is an urgent need to extend the application of AM fungi to woody plants. This study aims to investigate the growth and resistance against the gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) in Glomus intraradices-colonized Populus alba × P. berolinensis seedlings, and to unravel the transcriptome and metabolome phenotypes recruited by AM fungus colonization that affect plant growth and insect resistance. Our results showed a positive mycorrhizal growth response, i.e., growth and biomass of mycorrhizal seedlings were enhanced. However, AM fungus inoculation reduced the resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves, as well as the increased larval growth and shortened larval developmental duration. Transcriptome analysis revealed that in both auxin and gibberellin signaling transductions, all nodes were responsive to AM symbiosis and most differentially expressed genes belonging to effectors were up-regulated in mycorrhizal seedlings. Furthermore, the two key enzymes (4-coumarate-CoA ligase and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase) involved in the synthesis of p-Coumaroyl-CoA, an initial metabolite in flavonoid biosynthesis and the first rate-limiting enzyme (chalcone synthase) in flavonoid biosynthesis, were down-regulated at the transcriptional level. Consistent with the transcriptome results, metabolome analysis found that the amounts of all differentially accumulated flavonoid compounds (e.g., catechin and quercetin) identified in mycorrhizal seedlings were decreased. Taken together, these findings highlight the diverse outcomes of AM fungi-host plant-insect interaction and reveal the regulatory network of the positive mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhizal-induced reduction of insect resistance in poplar.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal seedlings had enhanced growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensis
Populus albat0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale0
- Outcome
- growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and biomass of mycorrhizal seedlings were enhanced”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation reduced poplar resistance to gypsy moth larvae.
- Treatment
- AM fungus inoculatione0
- Interactor
- gypsy moth larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
PopulusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungus inoculation reduced the resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation decreased the leaf carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AM fungus inoculatione0
- Interactor
- gypsy moth larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- carbon/nitrogen ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungus inoculation reduced the resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation increased gypsy moth larval growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungus inoculation reduced the resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves, as well as the increased larval growth”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation shortened gypsy moth larval development.
- Taxon
- gypsy moth larvaee0
- Treatment
- AM fungus inoculatione0
- Outcome
- larval developmental duratione0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungus inoculation reduced the resistance of poplar to gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves, as well as the increased larval growth and shortened larval developmental duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin and gibberellin signaling nodes responded to AM symbiosis.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensisPopulus albat0
- Outcome
- all nodes were responsivee0
- Qualifier
- auxin and gibberellin signaling transductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in both auxin and gibberellin signaling transductions, all nodes were responsive to AM symbiosis”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Most differentially expressed effector genes were up-regulated in mycorrhizal seedlings.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensisPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes belonging to effectorse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most differentially expressed genes belonging to effectors were up-regulated in mycorrhizal seedlings”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcripts for 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase were down-regulated.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensisPopulus albat0
- Gene
- 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenasee0
- Outcome
- transcriptional levele0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two key enzymes (4-coumarate-CoA ligase and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase) involved in the synthesis of p-Coumaroyl-CoA, an initial metabolite in flavonoid biosynthesis and the first rate-limiting enzyme (chalcone synthase) in flavonoid biosynthesis, were down-regulated at the transcriptional level”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Chalcone synthase transcript was down-regulated.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensisPopulus albat0
- Gene
- chalcone synthasee0
- Outcome
- transcriptional levele0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the first rate-limiting enzyme (chalcone synthase) in flavonoid biosynthesis, were down-regulated at the transcriptional level”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially accumulated flavonoid compounds decreased in mycorrhizal seedlings.
- Taxon
- Populus alba × P. berolinensisPopulus albat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Outcome
- amounts of all differentially accumulated flavonoid compoundse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of all differentially accumulated flavonoid compounds (e.g., catechin and quercetin) identified in mycorrhizal seedlings were decreased”
t0“Populus alba × P. berolinensis”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.