Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted during successive seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station to study the effect of herbicides and urea as an additive to herbicides on wheat, NPK uptake, photosynthetic pigments and associated weeds. The results indicated that using the recommended rate of herbicides, (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 300g a.i./fed. for control total annual weeds, tribenuron-methyl at 6.0g a.i/fed. for control broad-leaved weeds and clodinafop propargyl at 21g a.i./fed for control grassy weeds as applied alone post- emergence as well as hand weeding twice, gave excellent weed control (93.6, 68.0, 45.9 and 93.6 % ), respectively. While, the same herbicides when applied at moderate rate (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 244.5g a.i./fed, tribenuron-methyl at 4.5g a.i /fed and clodinafop propargyl at 15.75g a.i/fed) mixing with 1% urea increased the herbicides efficiency in controlling the annual weeds by about ( 90.2, 65.9 and 44.5 %). Mixing 1% urea with the same herbicides at low rate (isoproturon + diflufenican at 165g a.i/fed, tribenuron-methyl at 3.0g a.i/fed and clodinafop propargyl at 10.5g a.i/fed) gave poor weed control and were significantly less efficient than the other treatments at the first survey in the first season. Hand weeding treatment, (isoproturon + diflufenican), tribenuron-methyl and clodinafop propargyl at high rate, alone as post-emergence as well as the same herbicides at moderate rate plus 1% urea had higher efficiency in controlling annual weeds and increased the plant height, spike length, weight of grains/ spike, number of grains/spike, straw yield (ton/fed) and grains yield (Ardab/fed), compared with the other treatments used. All herbicidal treatments as well as hand weeding treatment increased protein, phosphors, potassium and carbohydrate percentages and their uptake kg/fed in wheat grains over control treatment. Data also, cleared that all herbicides treatments slightly decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and; increased carotene content. From results of correlation analysis the fresh weight of total weeds, grassy weeds and broad-leaved weeds biomass were negative correlated with wheat yield. Grassy weeds were more aggressive in their competitiveness effect than broad-leaved weeds on wheat yield and its components. These results indicated that under heavy infested with annual weeds, it is possible to apply herbicides i.e.(isoproturon + diflufenican) for annual weeds control, tribenuron-methyl for broad-leaved weeds control and clodinafop propargyl for grassy weeds control at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% urea. These findings revealed obviously that such weed control measure can minimize weed /wheat competition and consequently gave the highest reduction in weeds and increase wheat yield and its components.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended-rate isoproturon plus diflufenican gave 93.6% control of total annual weeds.
- Taxon
- total annual weedse0
- Treatment
- (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 300g a.i./fed.e0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Value
- 93.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“using the recommended rate of herbicides, (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 300g a.i./fed. for control total annual weeds, tribenuron-methyl at 6.0g a.i/fed. for control broad-leaved weeds and clodinafop propargyl at 21g a.i./fed for control grassy weeds as applied alone post- emergence as well as hand weeding twice, gave excellent weed control (93.6, 68.0, 45.9 and 93.6 % ), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended-rate tribenuron-methyl gave 68.0% broad-leaved weed control.
- Taxon
- broad-leaved weedse0
- Treatment
- tribenuron-methyl at 6.0g a.i/fed.e0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Value
- 68.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“tribenuron-methyl at 6.0g a.i/fed. for control broad-leaved weeds and clodinafop propargyl at 21g a.i./fed for control grassy weeds as applied alone post- emergence as well as hand weeding twice, gave excellent weed control (93.6, 68.0, 45.9 and 93.6 % ), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended-rate clodinafop propargyl gave 45.9% grassy weed control.
- Taxon
- grassy weedse0
- Treatment
- clodinafop propargyl at 21g a.i./fede0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Value
- 45.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“clodinafop propargyl at 21g a.i./fed for control grassy weeds as applied alone post- emergence as well as hand weeding twice, gave excellent weed control (93.6, 68.0, 45.9 and 93.6 % ), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding twice gave 93.6% weed control.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“hand weeding twice, gave excellent weed control (93.6, 68.0, 45.9 and 93.6 % ), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate-rate isoproturon plus diflufenican with 1% urea gave about 90.2% annual weed control.
- Taxon
- annual weedse0
- Treatment
- (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 244.5g a.i./fede0
- Outcome
- efficiency in controlling the annual weedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90.2e0
- Qualifier
- mixing with 1% ureae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the same herbicides when applied at moderate rate (isoproturon + diflufenican) at 244.5g a.i./fed, tribenuron-methyl at 4.5g a.i /fed and clodinafop propargyl at 15.75g a.i/fed) mixing with 1% urea increased the herbicides efficiency in controlling the annual weeds by about ( 90.2, 65.9 and 44.5 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate-rate tribenuron-methyl with 1% urea gave about 65.9% annual weed control.
- Taxon
- annual weedse0
- Treatment
- tribenuron-methyl at 4.5g a.i /fede0
- Outcome
- efficiency in controlling the annual weedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.9e0
- Qualifier
- mixing with 1% ureae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“tribenuron-methyl at 4.5g a.i /fed and clodinafop propargyl at 15.75g a.i/fed) mixing with 1% urea increased the herbicides efficiency in controlling the annual weeds by about ( 90.2, 65.9 and 44.5 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate-rate clodinafop propargyl with 1% urea gave about 44.5% annual weed control.
- Taxon
- annual weedse0
- Treatment
- clodinafop propargyl at 15.75g a.i/fede0
- Outcome
- efficiency in controlling the annual weedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.5 %e0
- Qualifier
- mixing with 1% ureae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“clodinafop propargyl at 15.75g a.i/fed) mixing with 1% urea increased the herbicides efficiency in controlling the annual weeds by about ( 90.2, 65.9 and 44.5 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate isoproturon plus diflufenican mixed with urea gave poor control and significantly lower efficiency at the first survey of the first season.
Verbatim
e0“Mixing 1% urea with the same herbicides at low rate (isoproturon + diflufenican at 165g a.i/fed, tribenuron-methyl at 3.0g a.i/fed and clodinafop propargyl at 10.5g a.i/fed) gave poor weed control and were significantly less efficient than the other treatments at the first survey in the first season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate tribenuron-methyl mixed with urea gave poor control and significantly lower efficiency at the first survey of the first season.
Verbatim
e0“Mixing 1% urea with the same herbicides at low rate (isoproturon + diflufenican at 165g a.i/fed, tribenuron-methyl at 3.0g a.i/fed and clodinafop propargyl at 10.5g a.i/fed) gave poor weed control and were significantly less efficient than the other treatments at the first survey in the first season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate clodinafop propargyl mixed with urea gave poor control and significantly lower efficiency at the first survey of the first season.
Verbatim
e0“Mixing 1% urea with the same herbicides at low rate (isoproturon + diflufenican at 165g a.i/fed, tribenuron-methyl at 3.0g a.i/fed and clodinafop propargyl at 10.5g a.i/fed) gave poor weed control and were significantly less efficient than the other treatments at the first survey in the first season.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate herbicides, moderate-rate herbicides with urea, and hand weeding increased wheat growth and yield components relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Hand weeding treatment, (isoproturon + diflufenican), tribenuron-methyl and clodinafop propargyl at high rate, alone as post-emergence as well as the same herbicides at moderate rate plus 1% ureae0
- Outcome
- plant height, spike length, weight of grains/ spike, number of grains/spike, straw yield (ton/fed) and grains yield (Ardab/fed)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatments usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped nonnumeric treatment and yield results to retain the separate valued results within the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding treatment, (isoproturon + diflufenican), tribenuron-methyl and clodinafop propargyl at high rate, alone as post-emergence as well as the same herbicides at moderate rate plus 1% urea had higher efficiency in controlling annual weeds and increased the plant height, spike length, weight of grains/ spike, number of grains/spike, straw yield (ton/fed) and grains yield (Ardab/fed), compared with the other treatments used.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicides and hand weeding increased grain protein, phosphorus, potassium and carbohydrate percentages and uptake over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- All herbicidal treatments as well as hand weeding treatmente0
- Outcome
- protein, phosphors, potassium and carbohydrate percentages and their uptake kg/fede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped nonnumeric composition results within the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicidal treatments as well as hand weeding treatment increased protein, phosphors, potassium and carbohydrate percentages and their uptake kg/fed in wheat grains over control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments slightly decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- all herbicides treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data also, cleared that all herbicides treatments slightly decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and; increased carotene content.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments increased wheat carotene content.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- all herbicides treatmentse0
- Outcome
- carotene contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data also, cleared that all herbicides treatments slightly decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and; increased carotene content.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh biomass of total, grassy and broad-leaved weeds was negatively correlated with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- total weedse0weed
- Second interactor
- grassy weedse0weed
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- negative correlatede0
- Qualifier
- broad-leaved weedse0
- Comparator
- fresh weight of total weeds, grassy weeds and broad-leaved weeds biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From results of correlation analysis the fresh weight of total weeds, grassy weeds and broad-leaved weeds biomass were negative correlated with wheat yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grassy weeds were more competitive than broad-leaved weeds against wheat yield and its components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Grassy weedse0weed
- Second interactor
- broad-leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- wheat yield and its componentse0
- Direction
- more aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grassy weeds were more aggressive in their competitiveness effect than broad-leaved weeds on wheat yield and its components.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high-rate isoproturon plus diflufenican alone or moderate rates with urea under heavy annual weed infestation.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- annual weedse0weed
- Outcome
- (isoproturon + diflufenican) for annual weeds controle0
- Qualifier
- at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicated that under heavy infested with annual weeds, it is possible to apply herbicides i.e.(isoproturon + diflufenican) for annual weeds control, tribenuron-methyl for broad-leaved weeds control and clodinafop propargyl for grassy weeds control at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% urea.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high-rate tribenuron-methyl alone or moderate rates with urea against broad-leaved weeds.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- broad-leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- tribenuron-methyl for broad-leaved weeds controle0
- Qualifier
- at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tribenuron-methyl for broad-leaved weeds control and clodinafop propargyl for grassy weeds control at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% urea.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high-rate clodinafop propargyl alone or moderate rates with urea against grassy weeds.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- grassy weedse0weed
- Outcome
- clodinafop propargyl for grassy weeds controle0
- Qualifier
- at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clodinafop propargyl for grassy weeds control at high rate alone or same herbicides at moderate rates mixed with 1% urea.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that these measures minimize weed competition, maximize weed reduction, and increase wheat yield and components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- increase wheat yield and its componentse0
- Qualifier
- minimize weed /wheat competitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings revealed obviously that such weed control measure can minimize weed /wheat competition and consequently gave the highest reduction in weeds and increase wheat yield and its components.”
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