Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT, EC:2.6.1.13), alternatively known as ornithine delta aminotransferase (δOAT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme involved in the conversion of ornithine into glutamyl-5-semi-aldehyde (GSA) and vice versa. Up till now, there has been no study on OAT in wheat despite the success of its isolation from rice, maize, and sorghum. This study focuses on identification and molecular characterization of OAT in wheat. RESULTS: In total, three homeologous OAT genes in wheat genome were found on chromosome group 5, named as TaOAT-5AL, TaOAT-5BL, and TaOAT-5DL. Sequence alignment between gDNA and its corresponding cDNA obtained a total of ten exons and nine introns. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and results indicated that OATs shared highly conserved domains between monocots and eudicots, which was further illustrated by using WebLogo to generate a sequence logo. Further subcellular localization analysis indicated that they functioned in mitochondria. Protein-protein interactions supported their role in proline biosynthesis through interactions with genes, such as delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), involved in the proline metabolic pathway. Promoter analysis exposed the presence of several stress responsive elements, implying their involvement in stress regulation. Expression profiling illustrated that TaOAT was highly induced in the wheat plants exposed to drought or salt stress condition. Upregulated expression of TaOATs was observed in stamens and at the heading stage. A potential role of TaOAT genes during floret development was also revealed. Furthermore, the transgenic plants overexpressing TaOAT showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline accumulation. In addition, salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was also enhanced. CONCLUSION: TaOATs genes were involved in proline synthesis and nitrogen remobilization because they interacted with genes related to proline biosynthesis enzymes and arginine catabolism. In addition, TaOAT genes had a role in abiotic stress tolerance and a potential role in floret development. The results of this study may propose future research in the improvement of wheat resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three wheat OAT homeologs were found on chromosome group 5.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Gene
- TaOAT-5AL, TaOAT-5BL, and TaOAT-5DLe0
- Outcome
- three homeologous OAT genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In total, three homeologous OAT genes in wheat genome were found on chromosome group 5, named as TaOAT-5AL, TaOAT-5BL, and TaOAT-5DL.”
Claim · model-written summary
OAT gene structure comprised ten exons and nine introns.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaOATt0
- Outcome
- ten exons and nine intronse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequence alignment between gDNA and its corresponding cDNA obtained a total of ten exons and nine introns.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
OAT domains were highly conserved between monocots and eudicots.
- Taxon
- monocots and eudicotsLiliopsidaeudicotyledonse0
- Gene
- OATse0
- Outcome
- OATs shared highly conserved domainse0
Verbatim
e0“A phylogenetic tree was constructed and results indicated that OATs shared highly conserved domains between monocots and eudicots, which was further illustrated by using WebLogo to generate a sequence logo.”
Claim · model-written summary
OAT proteins localized to mitochondria.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaOATt0
- Outcome
- functioned in mitochondriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further subcellular localization analysis indicated that they functioned in mitochondria.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein interactions supported an OAT role in proline biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR)e0
- Outcome
- role in proline biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein-protein interactions supported their role in proline biosynthesis through interactions with genes, such as delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), involved in the proline metabolic pathway.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Promoters contained several stress responsive elements.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaOATt0
- Outcome
- presence of several stress responsive elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Promoter analysis exposed the presence of several stress responsive elements, implying their involvement in stress regulation.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT expression was highly induced under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Gene
- TaOATe0
- Outcome
- TaOAT was highly inducede0
- Direction
- highly inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression profiling illustrated that TaOAT was highly induced in the wheat plants exposed to drought or salt stress condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT expression was highly induced under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stress conditione0
- Gene
- TaOATe0
- Outcome
- TaOAT was highly inducede0
- Direction
- highly inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression profiling illustrated that TaOAT was highly induced in the wheat plants exposed to drought or salt stress condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT expression was upregulated in stamens.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stamense0
- Gene
- TaOATse0
- Outcome
- Upregulated expression of TaOATse0
- Direction
- Upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upregulated expression of TaOATs was observed in stamens and at the heading stage.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT expression was upregulated at heading.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Gene
- TaOATse0
- Outcome
- Upregulated expression of TaOATse0
- Direction
- Upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upregulated expression of TaOATs was observed in stamens and at the heading stage.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT was implicated in floret development.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaOAT genese0
- Outcome
- potential role of TaOAT genes during floret developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A potential role of TaOAT genes during floret development was also revealed.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT overexpression enhanced drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- overexpressing TaOATe0
- Gene
- TaOATe0
- Outcome
- tolerance to drought stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the transgenic plants overexpressing TaOAT showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline accumulation.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT overexpression increased proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- overexpressing TaOATe0
- Gene
- TaOATe0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the transgenic plants overexpressing TaOAT showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline accumulation.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT overexpression enhanced salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- transgenic plantse0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was also enhanced.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TaOAT genes were interpreted as involved in nitrogen remobilization.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaOATs genese0
- Outcome
- nitrogen remobilizatione0
- Qualifier
- interacted with genes related to proline biosynthesis enzymes and arginine catabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaOATs genes were involved in proline synthesis and nitrogen remobilization because they interacted with genes related to proline biosynthesis enzymes and arginine catabolism.”
t0“Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes”
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