Abstract
The objective of this study was to synthesize iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) stabilized by humic substances, and to estimate the feasibility of their use for foliar application on iron deficient plants. The IONPs were synthesized by rapid hydrolysis of iron(III) nitrate in a solution of potassium humate. The iron speciation and nanoparticle morphologies were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The obtained sample of IONPs was applied at concentrations of 1- and 10-mM Fe, and 0.2% urea was used as an adjuvant. Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. L15) were used for the iron uptake test. For both of the concentrations tested, spraying the nanoparticles resulted in a 70–75% higher iron content in wheat leaves compared to ferric ammonium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA). The synergistic effect of humic substances acting as a surfactant seemed to promote an increase in the iron uptake of the ferrihydrite nanoparticles compared to the aqueous Fe-EDTA solution used in this study. We concluded that humic-stabilized IONPs are much better suited to foliar application as compared to soil amendment when applied as a source of iron for plants. This is because humic substances act as a capping agent for nanoparticles and the surfactants enhance iron penetration into the leaf.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying humic-stabilized nanoferrihydrite raised iron content in wheat leaves by 70–75% compared with Fe-EDTA at both tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Material
- Triticum aestivum L. cv. L15e1
- Treatment
- spraying the nanoparticlese2
- Outcome
- iron content in wheat leavese2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 70–75%e2
- Qualifier
- 1- and 10-mM Fee0
- Comparator
- ferric ammonium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“For both of the concentrations tested, spraying the nanoparticles resulted in a 70–75% higher iron content in wheat leaves compared to ferric ammonium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA)”
e1“Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. L15) were used for the iron uptake test”
e0“The obtained sample of IONPs was applied at concentrations of 1- and 10-mM Fe, and 0.2% urea was used as an adjuvant”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic substances acting as a surfactant may promote greater iron uptake from ferrihydrite nanoparticles than from Fe-EDTA in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- humic substancese3
- Outcome
- increase in the iron uptake of the ferrihydrite nanoparticlese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. L15) were used for the iron uptake test”
e3“The synergistic effect of humic substances acting as a surfactant seemed to promote an increase in the iron uptake of the ferrihydrite nanoparticles compared to the aqueous Fe-EDTA solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic substances capping the nanoparticles and their surfactant action may enhance iron penetration into the wheat leaf.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- humic substancese4
- Outcome
- iron penetration into the leafe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. L15) were used for the iron uptake test”
e4“humic substances act as a capping agent for nanoparticles and the surfactants enhance iron penetration into the leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles are better suited to foliar than to soil application as an iron source for plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee5
- Outcome
- much better suited to foliar application as compared to soil amendmente5
Verbatim
e5“We concluded that humic-stabilized IONPs are much better suited to foliar application as compared to soil amendment when applied as a source of iron for plants”
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