Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, during winter (rabi) season of 2013–14 and 2014–15, to study the effect of sowing methods, mulch levels and irrigation schedules on water-use efficiency and soil physical properties in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%) and lower bulk density of 0–15 cm soil layer (3.1%) and soil-penetration resistance at 15 cm soil depth (18.2%) over flat sowing. Paddy straw mulch application @ 6 t/ha significantly increased leaf-area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception, dry-matter production and grain yield as compared to paddy straw mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch. Mulch application @ 6 t/ha increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) by 16.5 and 32.9 kg/ha/cm over mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch, respectively, and lowered the maximum soil temperature, bulk density and soil-penetration resistance than no-mulch. Irrigation schedule of 1.0 irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) significantly increased the dry-matter production and grain yield. However, irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW: CPE significantly increased the WUE and apparent water productivity than 0.8 and 1.0 IW: CPE schedules.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing gave significantly higher apparent water productivity than flat sowing (14.5%)
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Bed sowinge2
- Outcome
- apparent water pro-ductivitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 14.5%e2
- Comparator
- flat sowinge3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%)”
e3“over flat sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing gave significantly higher root density in the 0–15 cm soil layer than flat sowing (1.7%)
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bed sowinge2
- Outcome
- root density in 0–15 cm soil layere2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 1.7%e2
- Comparator
- flat sowinge3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%)”
e3“over flat sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing gave significantly higher infiltration rate of water than flat sowing (13.4%)
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bed sowinge2
- Outcome
- infiltration rate of watere2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 13.4%e2
- Comparator
- flat sowinge3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%)”
e3“over flat sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing gave significantly lower bulk density in the 0–15 cm soil layer than flat sowing (3.1%)
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bed sowinge2
- Outcome
- bulk density of 0–15 cm soil layere4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 3.1%e4
- Comparator
- flat sowinge3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%)”
e3“over flat sowing”
e4“lower bulk density of 0–15 cm soil layer (3.1%) and soil-penetration resistance at 15 cm soil depth (18.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed sowing gave significantly lower soil-penetration resistance at 15 cm depth than flat sowing (18.2%)
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bed sowinge2
- Outcome
- soil-penetration resistance at 15 cm soil depthe4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 18.2%e4
- Comparator
- flat sowinge3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Bed sowing registered significantly higher apparent water pro-ductivity (14.5%), root density in 0–15 cm soil layer (1.7%) and infiltration rate of water (13.4%)”
e3“over flat sowing”
e4“lower bulk density of 0–15 cm soil layer (3.1%) and soil-penetration resistance at 15 cm soil depth (18.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Paddy straw mulch at 6 t/ha significantly increased leaf-area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception and dry-matter production over 3 t/ha and no mulch
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Paddy straw mulch application @ 6 t/hae5
- Outcome
- leaf-area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception, dry-matter productione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- paddy straw mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulche5
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Paddy straw mulch application @ 6 t/ha significantly increased leaf-area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception, dry-matter production and grain yield as compared to paddy straw mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Paddy straw mulch at 6 t/ha significantly increased grain yield over 3 t/ha and no mulch
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Paddy straw mulch application @ 6 t/hae5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- paddy straw mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulche5
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Paddy straw mulch application @ 6 t/ha significantly increased leaf-area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception, dry-matter production and grain yield as compared to paddy straw mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch at 6 t/ha increased water-use efficiency by 16.5 kg/ha/cm over mulch at 3 t/ha
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Mulch application @ 6 t/hae6
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUE)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 16.5e6
- Comparator
- mulch @ 3 t/hae6
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Mulch application @ 6 t/ha increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) by 16.5 and 32.9 kg/ha/cm over mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch at 6 t/ha increased water-use efficiency by 32.9 kg/ha/cm over no mulch
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Mulch application @ 6 t/hae6
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUE)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 32.9 kg/ha/cme6
- Comparator
- no-mulche6
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Mulch application @ 6 t/ha increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) by 16.5 and 32.9 kg/ha/cm over mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch at 6 t/ha lowered maximum soil temperature, bulk density and soil-penetration resistance relative to no mulch
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Mulch application @ 6 t/hae6
- Outcome
- maximum soil temperature, bulk density and soil-penetration resistancee7
- Direction
- lowerede7
- Comparator
- no-mulche7
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Mulch application @ 6 t/ha increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) by 16.5 and 32.9 kg/ha/cm over mulch @ 3 t/ha and no-mulch”
e7“lowered the maximum soil temperature, bulk density and soil-penetration resistance than no-mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 1.0 IW:CPE significantly increased dry-matter production and grain yield
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Irrigation schedule of 1.0 irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE)e2
- Outcome
- dry-matter production and grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Irrigation schedule of 1.0 irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) significantly increased the dry-matter production and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 0.6 IW:CPE significantly increased WUE and apparent water productivity relative to 0.8 and 1.0 IW:CPE
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW: CPEe3
- Outcome
- WUE and apparent water productivitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- 0.8 and 1.0 IW: CPE schedulese3
- Setting
- Ludhiana, Punjabe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab”
e1“in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW: CPE significantly increased the WUE and apparent water productivity than 0.8 and 1.0 IW: CPE schedules”
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