Influence of Fertility Levels and Plant Growth Retardants on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Jharkhand

Abstract

The study was conducted during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Crop Research Farm , Eastern Section of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi-834006 (Jharkhand) to evaluate the Fertility levels and application of growth regulators on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with objective to achieve yield maximization. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four fertility levels absolute Control;100% (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer);RDF150:60:40;150%RDF and 150%RDF+15tFYM/ha) in main plot and four growth regulators (Two sprays each of water , CCC (0.2%) ,Tebuconazole (0.1%) ;CCC (0.2%)+ Tebuconazole (0.1% ).The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture , acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, phosphorus and medium available potassium. Results revealed that application of 150% RDF+15tFYM led to higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and lodging score of wheat at harvest in both the years. The combined application of (CCC)+Tebuconazole reduced the plant height of wheat by 22.0% and 20.3% over water spray during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively .The minimum mean lodging score mean 1.0 and 1.5 were recorded with application of CCC and Tebuconazole during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively. The significantly higher number of spike (368 &388 m-2), spike length (11.6 &12.40 cm) , number of spikelets/spike(21.40&22.50) and test weight (39.13&40g) were registered with application of 150% RDF+15tFYM during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively as compared to 100%RDF. The combined spray of CCC+Tebuconazole enhanced the test weight by 5.6% & 3.7% over water spray during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The significantly maximum grain, straw and biomass yield of wheat were recorded with 150% RDF+15tFYM which were 5.8 & 17.03 %, 16.3& 32.2%, and 10.82 & 24.7% higher over 100% RDF during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The grain yield of wheat due to combine application CCC and Tebuconazole was found significantly higher (10.84and11.15%) during both the years. There were no differences in straw and biomass yields of wheat due to different growth regulators.

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Claims 14

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmixedmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM increased wheat plant height, dry matter accumulation and lodging score at harvest in both years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: plant height, dry matter accumulation and lodging scoree0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Triticum aestivum* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“application of 150% RDF+15tFYM led to higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and lodging score of wheat at harvest in both the years”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 845–983 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CCC plus tebuconazole reduced wheat plant height by 22.0% relative to water spray in 2016-17.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: (CCC)+Tebuconazolee0
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 22.0%e0
Qualifier: 2016-17e0
Comparator: water spraye0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The combined application of (CCC)+Tebuconazole reduced the plant height of wheat by 22.0% and 20.3% over water spray during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 985–1141 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CCC plus tebuconazole reduced wheat plant height by 20.3% relative to water spray in 2017-18.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: (CCC)+Tebuconazolee0
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 20.3%e0
Qualifier: 2017-18e0
Comparator: water spraye0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The combined application of (CCC)+Tebuconazole reduced the plant height of wheat by 22.0% and 20.3% over water spray during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 985–1141 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CCC and tebuconazole application gave the minimum mean lodging scores of 1.0 and 1.5 in the two years.

Treatment: CCC and Tebuconazolee0
Outcome: lodging scoree0
Direction: minimume0
Value: 1.0 and 1.5e0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The minimum mean lodging score mean 1.0 and 1.5 were recorded with application of CCC and Tebuconazole during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1143–1285 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM produced significantly more wheat spikes than 100% RDF, with 368 and 388 m-2 in the two years.

Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: number of spikee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 368 &388 m-2e0
Comparator: 100%RDFe0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly higher number of spike (368 &388 m-2), spike length (11.6 &12.40 cm) , number of spikelets/spike(21.40&22.50) and test weight (39.13&40g) were registered with application of 150% RDF+15tFYM during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively as compared to 100%RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1287–1557 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM produced significantly longer wheat spikes than 100% RDF, with 11.6 and 12.40 cm in the two years.

Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: spike lengthe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 11.6 &12.40 cme0
Comparator: 100%RDFe0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly higher number of spike (368 &388 m-2), spike length (11.6 &12.40 cm) , number of spikelets/spike(21.40&22.50) and test weight (39.13&40g) were registered with application of 150% RDF+15tFYM during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively as compared to 100%RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1287–1557 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM significantly increased wheat spikelets per spike relative to 100% RDF, with 21.40 and 22.50 in the two years.

Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: number of spikelets/spikee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 21.40&22.50e0
Comparator: 100%RDFe0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly higher number of spike (368 &388 m-2), spike length (11.6 &12.40 cm) , number of spikelets/spike(21.40&22.50) and test weight (39.13&40g) were registered with application of 150% RDF+15tFYM during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively as compared to 100%RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1287–1557 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM significantly increased wheat test weight relative to 100% RDF, with 39.13 and 40 g in the two years.

Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: test weighte0
Direction: highere0
Value: 39.13&40ge0
Comparator: 100%RDFe0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly higher number of spike (368 &388 m-2), spike length (11.6 &12.40 cm) , number of spikelets/spike(21.40&22.50) and test weight (39.13&40g) were registered with application of 150% RDF+15tFYM during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively as compared to 100%RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1287–1557 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CCC plus tebuconazole spray increased wheat test weight by 5.6% and 3.7% over water spray in the two years.

Treatment: CCC+Tebuconazolee0
Outcome: test weighte0
Direction: enhancede0
Value: 5.6% & 3.7%e0
Comparator: water spraye0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The combined spray of CCC+Tebuconazole enhanced the test weight by 5.6% & 3.7% over water spray during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1559–1710 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM significantly increased wheat grain yield by 5.8% and 17.03% relative to 100% RDF across the two years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: graine0
Direction: highere0
Value: 5.8 & 17.03 %e0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly maximum grain, straw and biomass yield of wheat were recorded with 150% RDF+15tFYM which were 5.8 & 17.03 %, 16.3& 32.2%, and 10.82 & 24.7% higher over 100% RDF during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1712–1946 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM significantly increased wheat straw yield by 16.3% and 32.2% relative to 100% RDF across the two years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: strawe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 16.3& 32.2%e0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly maximum grain, straw and biomass yield of wheat were recorded with 150% RDF+15tFYM which were 5.8 & 17.03 %, 16.3& 32.2%, and 10.82 & 24.7% higher over 100% RDF during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1712–1946 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

150% RDF plus FYM significantly increased wheat biomass yield by 10.82% and 24.7% relative to 100% RDF across the two years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: 150% RDF+15tFYMe0
Outcome: biomass yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 10.82 & 24.7%e0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The significantly maximum grain, straw and biomass yield of wheat were recorded with 150% RDF+15tFYM which were 5.8 & 17.03 %, 16.3& 32.2%, and 10.82 & 24.7% higher over 100% RDF during both the years 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1712–1946 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined CCC and tebuconazole application significantly increased wheat grain yield by 10.84% and 11.15% in the two years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: CCC and Tebuconazolee0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 10.84and11.15%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The grain yield of wheat due to combine application CCC and Tebuconazole was found significantly higher (10.84and11.15%) during both the years”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1948–2090 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Growth regulators did not differ in wheat straw and biomass yields.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: different growth regulatorse0
Outcome: straw and biomass yieldse0
Direction: no differencese0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“There were no differences in straw and biomass yields of wheat due to different growth regulators”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2092–2189 · show in text ↑

chlormequat chloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

49 papers: 37 positive, 12 negative or no effect

36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
CCC shortened mature wheat plants to 60% of untreated height.
Effect of CCC (chlorocholine chloride) on growth and yield of spring wheat in the field · 1965 · compared with untreated plants
Opposite direction
no effect
Chlormequat did not protect wheat from biomass loss.
Plant growth regulators control ozone damage to wheat yield · 2001
Opposite direction
negative
CCC reduced inflorescence initiation and development.
Developmental Responses by Tall and Dwarf Isogenic Lines of Spring Wheat to Applied Gibberellins. · 1995
Opposite direction

45 papers more in this group

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chlormequat chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

71 papers: 53 positive, 18 negative or no effect

52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction

no effect
The authors conclude that growth retardants (0.2% chlormequat chloride + 0.1% tebuconazole) shortened wheat plants and reduced lodging but did not improve productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation.
Nitrogen levels and growth regulators effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) lodging, productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation in a Vertisols of Central India · 2025
Opposite directionCites this paper
no effect
Chlormequat and paclobutrazol did not affect wheat grain yield.
Use of growth retardants in wheat · 2009
Opposite direction
no effect
CCC did not affect yield.
Response of Five Winter Wheat Cultivars to Growth Regulators and Increased Nitrogen¹ · 1986
Opposite direction

67 papers more in this group

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tebuconazole · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

11 papers: 7 positive, 4 negative or no effect

6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

7 papers more in this group

See all 11 papers →

tebuconazole · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

38 papers: 36 positive, 2 negative or no effect

35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

no effect
The authors conclude that growth retardants (0.2% chlormequat chloride + 0.1% tebuconazole) shortened wheat plants and reduced lodging but did not improve productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation.
Nitrogen levels and growth regulators effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) lodging, productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation in a Vertisols of Central India · 2025
Opposite directionCites this paper
no effect
Tebuconazole plus triazoxine had thousand grain mass at control level.
Effect of seed protection on the mass of 1,000 grains of three winter wheat genotypes, inoculated with Tilletia tritici. · 2013 · compared with controls
Opposite direction
positive
Field fungicide use increased grain yield by 13%.
Impact of microalgal phenolic extracts on the control of Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat · 2019 · compared with untreated control
Same direction

34 papers more in this group

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chlormequat chloride · quality: grain · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Combined CCC and tebuconazole increased test weight over water spray.
Impact of nutrient management practices and plant growth regulators on growth, productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) · 2019 · compared with water spray
Same direction
positive
test weight reached 39.75 g under nitrogen -160 kg/ha along with CCC (0.2%) and Tebuconazole (0.1 %).
Response of Nitrogen and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2023
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

class · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

117 papers: 100 positive, 17 negative or no effect

16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 100 in the opposite direction

positive
The 150% RDF + FYM 15 t/ha + growth regulator treatment gave significantly more effective tillers than the rest of the nutrient management
Influence of Different Sowing Dates and Nutrient Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2022 · compared with rest of the nutrient management
Opposite directionCites this paper
negative
The application of PGRs significantly reduced grain yield.
Effect of Selected Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Stem Height of Spring Wheat in Ontario · 2017
Same directionCited by this paper
no effect
The authors conclude that growth retardants (0.2% chlormequat chloride + 0.1% tebuconazole) shortened wheat plants and reduced lodging but did not improve productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation.
Nitrogen levels and growth regulators effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) lodging, productivity and profitability under restricted irrigation in a Vertisols of Central India · 2025
Same directionCites this paper

113 papers more in this group

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fertilization · quality: grain · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

154 papers: 119 positive, 35 negative or no effect

118 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
The lower, later nitrogen application did not affect wheat yield or grain quality.
Integration of Environmental, Agronomic, and Economic Aspects of Fertilizer Management · 1998
Opposite direction
negative
High nitrogen reduced test weight, grain weight and diameter.
White Wheat Grain Quality Changes with Genotype, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Water Stress · 2008
Opposite direction
negative
Test weight declined linearly with fertilizer in both varieties.
Yield and Protein Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer of Two Winter Wheat Varieties Differing in Inherent Protein Content of Their Grain¹ · 1973
Opposite direction

150 papers more in this group

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fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

3,438 papers: 3,115 positive, 323 negative or no effect

3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative

positive
The 150% RDF + FYM 15 t/ha + growth regulator treatment gave significantly more effective tillers than the rest of the nutrient management
Influence of Different Sowing Dates and Nutrient Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2022 · compared with rest of the nutrient management
Same directionCites this paper
no effect
Current high nitrogen practices do not significantly raise crop yields relative to optimum fertilization.
Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems · 2009 · compared with knowledge-based optimum N fertilization
Opposite direction
negative
Wheat yield declined by 0.04 Mg ha −1 yr −1 with 75 and 100% N-P-K fertilizer.
Yield and Soil Nutrient Changes in a Long‐Term Rice‐Wheat Rotation in India · 2002
Opposite direction

3,434 papers more in this group

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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 14

The same questions in other papers

chlormequat chloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

chlormequat chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

tebuconazole · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

tebuconazole · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

chlormequat chloride · quality: grain · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

class · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

fertilization · quality: grain · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results