Abstract
A field Experiment was conducted during kharif 2019 at Central Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon (0.58 %), available N (238 kg/ha), available P (32.10 kg/ha) and available K (189 kg/ha). The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter), whose effect was observed on sunflower. There were 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The results showed that growth parameters viz. Plant height (106.26 cm) at 60 DAS, plant dry weight (26.67 g) at 60 DAS and Head diameter (9.19 cm) at 60DAS in (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter). The Yield parameters viz. Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The combination had plant height of 106.26 cm at 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume1symbiont - Second interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere1symbiont - Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- Plant heighte0
- Value
- 106.26 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (106.26 cm) at 60 DAS, plant dry weight (26.67 g) at 60 DAS and Head diameter (9.19 cm) at 60DAS in (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination had plant dry weight of 26.67 g at 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- plant dry weighte0
- Value
- 26.67 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (106.26 cm) at 60 DAS, plant dry weight (26.67 g) at 60 DAS and Head diameter (9.19 cm) at 60DAS in (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination had head diameter of 9.19 cm at 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- Head diametere0
- Direction
- Head diametere0
- Value
- 9.19 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (106.26 cm) at 60 DAS, plant dry weight (26.67 g) at 60 DAS and Head diameter (9.19 cm) at 60DAS in (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized seeds per capitulum at 373.67.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- Number of seeds per capitulume0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 373.67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination recorded maximum unfilled seeds per capitulum at 13.33.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- Number of unfilled seeds per capitulume0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 13.33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized test weight at 41.10 g.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- test weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 41.10 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized seed yield at 1351.15 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1351.15 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized stover yield at 2954.29 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- stover yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2954.29 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized oil content at 43.52%.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- oil contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 43.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized gross returns at 76339₹/ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- Gross returnse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 76339₹/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized net returns at 49150₹/ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- Netreturnse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 49150₹/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination maximized benefit cost ratio at 2.81.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- BC ratioe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2.81e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of seeds per capitulum (373.67), Number of unfilled seeds per capitulum (13.33), test weight (41.10 g), seed yield (1351.15 kg/ha), stover yield (2954.29 kg/ha), oil content (43.52%) Gross returns (76339₹/ha), Netreturns (49150₹/ha) and BC ratio (2.81) were recorded maximum with application of (80 kg/ha Nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
t0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“The treatment consists of 3 levels of Nitrogen (60 kg/ha), (70 kg/ha) and (80 kg/ha) and 3 application methods of Biofertilizers as seed treatment (Azospirillum), (Azotobacter) and (Azospirillum + Azotobacter)”
The same questions in other papers
Azospirillum · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azotobacter · quality: oil · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Azotobacter · quality: grain · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Azospirillum · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Azotobacter · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Azotobacter · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →nitrogen · quality: oil · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →nitrogen · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.