Abstract
Due to its immense capability to concentrate in rice grain and ultimately in food chain, cadmium (Cd) has become the cause of an elevated concern among agriculturists, scientists and the environmental activists. Symbiotic association of Piriformospora indica (P. indica) has been characterized as a potential aid in combating heavy metal stress in plants for sustainable crop production but our scant knowledge regarding ameliorative tendency of P. indica against Cd, specifically in rice, necessitates an in-depth investigation. This study aimed at elaborating the underlying mechanisms involved in P. indica-mediated tolerance against Cd stress in two rice genotypes, IR8 and ZX1H, varying in Cd accumulation pattern. Either colonized or un-inoculated with P. indica, seedlings of both genotypes were subjected to Cd stress. The results showed that P. indica colonization significantly supported plant biomass, photosynthetic attributes and chlorophyll contents in Cd stressed plants. P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity and reduced Cd translocation (46% and 64%), significantly lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) content (11.3% and 50.4%) compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively. A genotypic difference was evident when a 2-fold enhancement in root peroxidase (POD) activity was recorded in P. indica colonized IR8 plants as compared to ZX1H. The root proteomic analysis was performed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and the results showed that P. indica alleviates Cd stress in rice via down-regulation of key glycolysis cycle enzymes in a bid to reduce energy consumption by the plants and possibly re-directing it to Cd defense response pathways; and up-regulation of glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in the L-Arg-dependent pathway for nitric oxide (NO) production, which acts as a stress signaling molecule, thus conferring tolerance by reduction of NO-mediated modification of essential proteins in response to Cd stress. Conclusively, both the tested genotypes benefited from P. indica symbiosis at varying levels by an enhanced detoxification capacity and signaling efficiency in response to stress. Hence, a step forward towards the employment of an environmentally sound and self-renewing approach holding the hope for a healthy future.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization significantly supported biomass, photosynthetic attributes and chlorophyll contents in cadmium-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomass, photosynthetic attributes and chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- supportede0
- Comparator
- un-inoculatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica colonization significantly supported plant biomass, photosynthetic attributes and chlorophyll contents in Cd stressed plants”
t0“rice”
e1“un-inoculated”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- chloroplast integritye0
- Direction
- sustainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization reduced cadmium translocation by 46% in IR8.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR8e1
- Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd translocatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated rootse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity and reduced Cd translocation (46% and 64%)”
t0“rice”
e1“compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization reduced cadmium translocation by 64% in ZX1H.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- ZX1He1
- Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd translocatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated rootse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity and reduced Cd translocation (46% and 64%)”
t0“rice”
e1“compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization lowered malondialdehyde content by 11.3% in IR8 under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR8e0
- Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione1
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- loweringe0
- Value
- 11.3%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) content (11.3% and 50.4%) compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively”
t0“rice”
e1“P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization lowered malondialdehyde content by 50.4% in ZX1H under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- ZX1He0
- Treatment
- P. indica colonizatione1
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- loweringe0
- Value
- 50.4%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) content (11.3% and 50.4%) compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively”
t0“rice”
e1“P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonized IR8 had twofold greater root peroxidase activity than ZX1H.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR8e0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- root peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 2-folde0
- Comparator
- ZX1He0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 2-fold enhancement in root peroxidase (POD) activity was recorded in P. indica colonized IR8 plants as compared to ZX1H”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization downregulated key glycolysis enzymes in cadmium-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- P. indicae0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- key glycolysis cycle enzymese0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica alleviates Cd stress in rice via down-regulation of key glycolysis cycle enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization upregulated glutamine synthetase in cadmium-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P. indicae1
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Gene
- glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulation of glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in the L-Arg-dependent pathway for nitric oxide (NO) production”
t0“rice”
e1“P. indica alleviates Cd stress in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute enhanced cadmium tolerance to energy redirection and nitric oxide signaling after P. indica colonization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Gene
- glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- possibly re-directing it to Cd defense response pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“possibly re-directing it to Cd defense response pathways; and up-regulation of glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in the L-Arg-dependent pathway for nitric oxide (NO) production, which acts as a stress signaling molecule, thus conferring tolerance by reduction of NO-mediated modification of essential proteins in response to Cd stress”
t0“rice”
e1“P. indica alleviates Cd stress in rice”
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