Abstract
Drought stress and nutrient status are highly important for plant growth and productivity. Two field experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) at El-Molak, Abo-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt. This work was conducted under sandy soil conditions to evaluate the effects of foliar application with growth regulators (PGRs) such as cycocel (CCC), applied at 0, 500, or 1000 mg L−1, and/or salicylic acid (SA), applied at 0, 0.05, or 0.1 mM on the productivity as well as improving drought tolerance of three wheat cultivars, i.e., Gemmeiza 11, Misr 1, and Giza 171 under three irrigation intervals, i.e., 10, 15, and 20 days. Foliar spray was given at 35 and 50 days after planting (DAP). The obtained results showed that mean squares as a result of the main effect and first- and second-order interactions were significant (p ≤ 0.01) for all studied traits. The application of SA increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area (cm2) while the number of days to 50% heading was decreased; however, the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC. The cultivar Misr 1 outperformed the other cultivars in the most studied traits. Estimates of heritability in the broad sense (h2b) were, on average, higher in five physiological traits than other agronomic traits, and the highest estimate of h2b (95.1%) was shown by the number of days to 50% heading followed by protein content (91.90%). Among the interactions between irrigation and growth regulators, the I(10) × SA(0.1) recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions between irrigation and cultivars, the I(10) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions among irrigation, growth regulators and cultivars, the I(10) × SA(0.1) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Correlation coefficient between grain yield (t ha−1) and each of the number of days to 50% heading, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content, number of spikes m−2, number of grains spike−1, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. Three main factors for the studied variables were created from the application of the factor analysis technique. Grain yield ha−1 (Y) can be predicted by the method of forwarding stepwise through applying the automatic linear regression analysis. Besides, the best prediction equation of grain yield ha−1 (Y) was formulated as: Ỷ = −14.36 + 0.11 number of grains spike−1 (NGS) + 0.09 1000-grain weight (THW) + 0.04 number of spike m−2 (NSm) + 0.03 days to 50% heading (DF) + 0.02 total chlorophyll content (TC) with adjusted-R2 (87.33%).
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Main effects and interactions were significant for all studied traits.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- all studied traitse0
- Value
- p ≤ 0.01e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean squares as a result of the main effect and first- and second-order interactions were significant (p ≤ 0.01) for all studied traits.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content and flag leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SA increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area (cm2)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid decreased days to 50% heading.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- number of days to 50% headinge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SA increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area (cm2) while the number of days to 50% heading was decreased”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased the number of spikes per square metre.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- number of spikes m−2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased protein content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased proline content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- proline contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Misr 1 outperformed the other cultivars for most traits.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Misr 1e0
- Outcome
- most studied traitse0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- other cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Misr 1 outperformed the other cultivars in the most studied traits.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad-sense heritability averaged higher for five physiological traits than agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- heritability in the broad sense (h2b)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other agronomic traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Estimates of heritability in the broad sense (h2b) were, on average, higher in five physiological traits than other agronomic traits”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Days to 50% heading had the highest broad-sense heritability, 95.1%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest estimate of h2b (95.1%) was shown by the number of days to 50% heading”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content had a broad-sense heritability of 91.90%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Value
- 91.90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by protein content (91.90%).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The I(10) × SA(0.1) interaction gave the highest flag leaf area, SPAD value and yield components.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I(10) × SA(0.1)e0
- Outcome
- flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I(10) × SA(0.1) recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The I(10) × Misr 1 interaction gave the highest flag leaf area, SPAD value, grains per spike and grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Misr 1e0
- Outcome
- flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I(10) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, and grain yield (t ha−1).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The I(10) × SA(0.1) × Misr 1 interaction gave the highest flag leaf area, grains per spike, grain weight and yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Misr 1e0
- Outcome
- flag leaf area (cm2), number of grains spike−1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I(10) × SA(0.1) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with heading time, flag leaf area and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation coefficient between grain yield (t ha−1) and each of the number of days to 50% heading, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content, number of spikes m−2, number of grains spike−1, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Factor analysis produced three main factors for the studied variables.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- main factorse0
- Value
- Three main factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three main factors for the studied variables were created from the application of the factor analysis technique.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A stepwise regression equation predicted grain yield with adjusted R2 of 87.33%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- prediction equation of grain yield ha−1e0
- Value
- 87.33%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best prediction equation of grain yield ha−1 (Y) was formulated as: Ỷ = −14.36 + 0.11 number of grains spike−1 (NGS) + 0.09 1000-grain weight (THW) + 0.04 number of spike m−2 (NSm) + 0.03 days to 50% heading (DF) + 0.02 total chlorophyll content (TC) with adjusted-R2 (87.33%).”
t0“Wheat”
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