Abstract
Due to climate change, temperature in late February and early March raised up which cause heat stress at reproductive stage (terminal growth phase of wheat crop) which has become the major causative factor towards low wheat production in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore; strategies need to be adopted for improving terminal heat stress tolerance in wheat. In this study, we assessed whether foliar application of silicon (Si) (2 and 4 mM) at terminal growth phase i.e. heading stage of wheat imposed to heat stress (37 ± 2 °C) under polythene tunnel could improve the performance of wheat. Results of the study revealed that heat stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids) leading to a lower grain yield. However, a 4 mM Si application (foliar applied) at heading stage prominently increased the chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids of flag leaf by improving the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and osmoprotectants (soluble sugar protein and proline) under terminal heat stress. Improvements in the performance of wheat (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, soluble sugar and proteins and proline and yield) with foliar application of Si were also observed under control conditions. Correlation analysis revealed strong association (r > 0.90) of chlorophyll contents and carotenoids with grain and biological yield. Negative correlation (-0.81 < r > -0.63) of physio-biochemical components (antioxidants, proline, soluble sugars and proteins) with yield revealed that under heat stress these components produced in more quantities to alleviate the effects of heat, and Si application also improved these physio biochemical components. In crux, foliar application of Si alleviates the losses in the performance of wheat caused by terminal heat stress by improving the antioxidant mechanism and production of osmoprotectants.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly reduced wheat photosynthetic pigments.
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“heat stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids) leading to a lower grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress lowered wheat grain yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“heat stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids) leading to a lower grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 4 mM Si at heading increased flag-leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids under terminal heat stress.
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- 4 mM Si application (foliar applied)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids of flag leafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under terminal heat stresse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 4 mM Si application (foliar applied) at heading stage prominently increased the chlorophyll a, b and a + b and carotenoids of flag leaf by improving the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and osmoprotectants (soluble sugar protein and proline) under terminal heat stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon improved enzymatic antioxidant activity under terminal heat stress.
- Outcome
- activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase)e0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“by improving the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and osmoprotectants (soluble sugar protein and proline) under terminal heat stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon improved osmoprotectants under terminal heat stress.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“by improving the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and osmoprotectants (soluble sugar protein and proline) under terminal heat stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Si improved wheat chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars and proteins under control conditions.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- foliar application of Sie0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, soluble sugar and proteinse0
- Direction
- Improvementse0
- Qualifier
- under control conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvements in the performance of wheat (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, soluble sugar and proteins and proline and yield) with foliar application of Si were also observed under control conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Si improved wheat proline under control conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Sie0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- Improvementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvements in the performance of wheat (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, soluble sugar and proteins and proline and yield) with foliar application of Si were also observed under control conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Si improved wheat yield under control conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Sie0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Improvementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvements in the performance of wheat (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, soluble sugar and proteins and proline and yield) with foliar application of Si were also observed under control conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content and carotenoids correlated strongly with grain yield.
- Outcome
- grain and biological yielde0
- Direction
- strong associatione0
- Value
- r > 0.90e0
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll contents and carotenoidse0
Not reportedTaxonCompoundOrgan / stage
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis revealed strong association (r > 0.90) of chlorophyll contents and carotenoids with grain and biological yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidants, proline, sugars and proteins correlated negatively with yield under heat stress.
- Compound
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Negative correlatione0
- Value
- -0.81 < r > -0.63e0
- Qualifier
- physio-biochemical components (antioxidants, proline, soluble sugars and proteins)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Negative correlation (-0.81 < r > -0.63) of physio-biochemical components (antioxidants, proline, soluble sugars and proteins) with yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that silicon alleviates terminal heat losses through antioxidant and osmoprotectant responses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Sie0
- Outcome
- losses in the performance of wheate0
- Qualifier
- improving the antioxidant mechanism and production of osmoprotectantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of Si alleviates the losses in the performance of wheat caused by terminal heat stress by improving the antioxidant mechanism and production of osmoprotectants.”
The same questions in other papers
silicon atom · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
20 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →silicon atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
84 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
86 papers more in this group
See all 90 papers →silicon atom · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →application · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →heat · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
72 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
86 papers more in this group
See all 90 papers →application · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
97 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
102 papers more in this group
See all 106 papers →heat · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
254 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
305 papers more in this group
See all 309 papers →application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
873 papers more in this group
See all 877 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.