Abstract
In this study, the role of zinc (Zn) in salt-affected soybean (Glycine max L.) was scrutinized by exposing plants to salt stress (150 mM NaCl) alone and in combination with exogenous Zn (priming and/or foliar spray with 1 mM ZnSO4.7H2O). Salt stress decreased plant growth and caused the destruction of chlorophyll and carotenoids. It also disrupted physiological processes and antioxidant defenses, resulting in an oxidative burst. The levels of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) rose substantially under salinity. Salinity resulted in a high accumulation of Na+ and decreased K+ which decreased the K+/Na+ ratio. Zn supplementation decreased ion toxicity and improved ion homeostasis in soybean plants. Zn increased glutathione (GSH) levels, decreased glutathione disulfide levels, and increased their ratio in salt-treated soybean plants compared to salt-treated plants without Zn addition. Zn supplementation also upregulated the activities of the glutathione-dependent enzymes glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase in salt-stressed plants. The enhanced GSH pool and increased activity of GSH-dependent enzymes decreased oxidative damage, as indicated by the reduced levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde and lower electrolyte leakage. The increased GSH level and high activity of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II conferred by Zn under salt stress helped to scavenge methylglyoxal. The restoration of photosynthetic pigment levels and increased proline accumulation, together with the recovery of leaf relative water content, were further signs of salt stress recovery and tolerance conferred by Zn supplementation. Our results showed that the antioxidant defense, glyoxalase system and some other physiological parameters were improved by Zn supplementation which contributed to mitigating the effects of salt stress in soybean.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased plant growth in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased plant growth”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress caused destruction of chlorophyll and carotenoids in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- destructione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased plant growth and caused the destruction of chlorophyll and carotenoids”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Levels of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal rose substantially under salinity in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- levels of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG)e0
- Direction
- rosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) rose substantially under salinity”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity caused a high accumulation of Na+ in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- Na+e0
- Direction
- high accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity resulted in a high accumulation of Na+ and decreased K+ which decreased the K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased K+ in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K+e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity resulted in a high accumulation of Na+ and decreased K+ which decreased the K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased the K+/Na+ ratio in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity resulted in a high accumulation of Na+ and decreased K+ which decreased the K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation decreased ion toxicity in salt-affected soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Outcome
- ion toxicitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn supplementation decreased ion toxicity and improved ion homeostasis in soybean plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation improved ion homeostasis in salt-affected soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Outcome
- ion homeostasise0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn supplementation decreased ion toxicity and improved ion homeostasis in soybean plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn increased glutathione levels in salt-treated soybean plants compared with salt-treated plants without Zn.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt-treated plants without Zn additione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn increased glutathione (GSH) levels, decreased glutathione disulfide levels, and increased their ratio in salt-treated soybean plants compared to salt-treated plants without Zn addition”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn decreased glutathione disulfide levels in salt-treated soybean plants compared with salt-treated plants without Zn.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- glutathione disulfide levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- salt-treated plants without Zn additione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn increased glutathione (GSH) levels, decreased glutathione disulfide levels, and increased their ratio in salt-treated soybean plants compared to salt-treated plants without Zn addition”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn increased the glutathione to glutathione disulfide ratio in salt-treated soybean plants compared with salt-treated plants without Zn.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- their ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt-treated plants without Zn additione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn increased glutathione (GSH) levels, decreased glutathione disulfide levels, and increased their ratio in salt-treated soybean plants compared to salt-treated plants without Zn addition”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation upregulated the activities of glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase in salt-stressed soybean plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Gene
- glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductasee0
- Outcome
- activitiese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn supplementation also upregulated the activities of the glutathione-dependent enzymes glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase in salt-stressed plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation upregulated the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in salt-stressed soybean plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Gene
- glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferasee0
- Outcome
- activitiese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn supplementation also upregulated the activities of the glutathione-dependent enzymes glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase in salt-stressed plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde were reduced and electrolyte leakage was lower in Zn-supplemented salt-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- levels of H2O2 and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- lower electrolyte leakagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde and lower electrolyte leakage”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased GSH level and high activity of glyoxalase I and II conferred by Zn under salt stress helped scavenge methylglyoxal in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn under salt stresse0
- Gene
- glyoxalase I and glyoxalase IIe0
- Compound
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- scavenge methylglyoxale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased GSH level and high activity of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II conferred by Zn under salt stress helped to scavenge methylglyoxal”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation restored photosynthetic pigment levels in salt-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment levelse0
- Direction
- restoratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The restoration of photosynthetic pigment levels and increased proline accumulation, together with the recovery of leaf relative water content, were further signs of salt stress recovery and tolerance conferred by Zn supplementation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation increased proline accumulation in salt-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The restoration of photosynthetic pigment levels and increased proline accumulation, together with the recovery of leaf relative water content, were further signs of salt stress recovery and tolerance conferred by Zn supplementation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn supplementation led to recovery of leaf relative water content in salt-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Zn supplementatione0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The restoration of photosynthetic pigment levels and increased proline accumulation, together with the recovery of leaf relative water content, were further signs of salt stress recovery and tolerance conferred by Zn supplementation”
t0“Soybean”
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See all 13 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.