Abstract
IntroductionChanges that occur during aging affect seed quality. Vigor is the first component of seed quality that decreases with aging seed, and followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. The seeds of soybeans are classified in the orthodox seeds. These seeds contain high amount of lipid and protein. Seed viability can only be maintained until few months of storage under normal conditions. One of the important steps in soybean seed industry is maintaining seed quality during storage condition for the planting during next growth season or sales. Lack of a proper storage condition would affect the biochemical and physiological nature of soybean seeds and intensify their aging. Changes that occur during deterioration condition affect seed quality. Through the process of deterioration, seed vigor is the first traits of the seed quality that decreases, followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. Wide range of deteriorative conditions (especially moisture content and temperature) may affect seed quality during storage which may lead to seed aging. Hence, to stimulate germination and increase the establishment of seedlings from ageing seeds, treatment can be done using different materials such as brown seaweed extract. To continue the experiment, normal seeds and aged seeds were sown in June 2018 and 2019 at a depth of 2 cm. Each plot consisted of 4 lines 6 m long with a distance of 50 cm between the lines and 10 cm width on the lines.Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Shahroud University of Technology. In this study two sets of seeds including control seeds (un-aged) and aged seed were used and brown seaweed A. nodosum (0.3%) was applied for control, seed pretreatment, foliar spray and seed pretreatment+foliar spray. The brown seaweed extract was "Acadian™ Seaweed Powder" (produced in Canada) containing brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum), and all the reagent and chemicals for experiments were purchased from Merck (Germany). Soybean seed Var. DPX. was collected from the Mazandaran agricultural research center. The water content of seeds was 12%. The seeds were those that harvested in the same year and kept in a controlled storage room at the temperature between 14 to 17 °C and relative humidity of 30 to 40% at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources of Mazandaran Province. For surface sterilization, soybean seeds were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds and then washed with distilled water. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours according to the method described previously. For each treatment, 100 g of the soybean seeds were soaked in 20 ml seaweed extract (0.3%) under ventilation condition for 6 hours, following by drying the seeds in the shade.Results and DiscussionIn this study, the results showed that the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition. Whereas, the seed pretreatment with the seaweed extract in normal and aging conditions increased mean daily seedling field emergence 15.31% and 55.03% respectively. The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively. Seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.3% improved the deteriorated effects and significantly increased seed yield.ConclusionThis study concludes that the seaweed extract is effective to minimize negative effects of aging on seeds performance and has a great positive effect on the physiological and agronomic traits of soybean plant. Among the four methods used in this study, the seeds pretreatment+foliar spray was more effective.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Seed aging reduced mean daily seedling field emergence, soluble sugar content and leaf area index in soybean in the field.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- seed aginge1
- Outcome
- mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- field conditione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed aging reduced stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield in soybean in the field.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed aginge1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- field conditione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed aging increased electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in soybean in the field.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed aginge1
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity and free amino acids contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- field conditione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed pretreatment with seaweed extract increased mean daily seedling field emergence by 15.31% under normal (unaged seed) conditions.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed pretreatment with the seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- mean daily seedling field emergencee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15.31%e1
- Qualifier
- normale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“the seed pretreatment with the seaweed extract in normal and aging conditions increased mean daily seedling field emergence 15.31% and 55.03% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed pretreatment with seaweed extract increased mean daily seedling field emergence by 55.03% under aging conditions.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed pretreatment with the seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- mean daily seedling field emergencee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 55.03%e1
- Qualifier
- aging conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“the seed pretreatment with the seaweed extract in normal and aging conditions increased mean daily seedling field emergence 15.31% and 55.03% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract applied as both seed pretreatment and foliar spray increased leaf area index by 34.51%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 34.51%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract applied as both seed pretreatment and foliar spray increased stomatal conductance by 23.72%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23.72%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract applied as both seed pretreatment and foliar spray increased oil yield by 91.68%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- oil yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 91.68%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract applied as both seed pretreatment and foliar spray increased seed yield by 87.85%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 87.85%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed pretreatment plus foliar spraying with 0.3% Ascophyllum nodosum extract improved the deteriorated effects and significantly increased seed yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.3%e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“Seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.3% improved the deteriorated effects and significantly increased seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that seaweed extract minimizes the negative effects of aging on seed performance and has a great positive effect on physiological and agronomic traits of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- seaweed extracte1
- Outcome
- negative effects of aging on seeds performancee1
- Direction
- minimizee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the seaweed extract is effective to minimize negative effects of aging on seeds performance and has a great positive effect on the physiological and agronomic traits of soybean plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Among the four methods tested, seed pretreatment plus foliar spray was the more effective.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seeds pretreatment+foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- more effectivee1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- Among the four methodse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e1“Among the four methods used in this study, the seeds pretreatment+foliar spray was more effective”
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