Effect of Zinc and Bio-fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-22 at the experimental field of the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Nine treatments replicated thrice. To study the Response of Zinc and Bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of Wheat. The treatments consist of zinc 5, 7.5, 10kg/ha and bio-fertilizers Azotobacter (20 g/kg seeds), Azospirillum (20 g/kg seeds), Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). The results revealed that treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %). Higher gross returns (INR 152544.4/ha), higher net returns (INR 108712.4/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.48) were also recorded in treatment-9 [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)].

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 10

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher plant height (96.10 cm) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: highere0
Value: 96.10 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Triticum aestivum* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Azotobacter* · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)DAN H. JONES · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Azospirillum* · Second interactorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: plant dry weighte0
Direction: highere0
Value: 20.31 g/plante0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: number of spikes/m2e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 371.84e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher number of grains/spike (55.17) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: number of grains/spikee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 55.17e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 5.697 t/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: straw yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 12.59 t/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded highest harvest index (31.14 %) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: harvest indexe0
Direction: higheste0
Value: 31.14 %e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“treatment-9 with application of [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (96.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (20.31 g/plant), higher number of spikes/m2 (371.84), higher number of grains/spike (55.17), higher grain yield (5.697 t/ha), higher straw yield (12.59 t/ha) and highest harvest index (31.14 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–1177 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded Higher gross returns (INR 152544.4/ha) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: gross returnse0
Direction: Highere0
Value: INR 152544.4/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Higher gross returns (INR 152544.4/ha), higher net returns (INR 108712.4/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.48) were also recorded in treatment-9 [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)]”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1396 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher net returns (INR 108712.4/ha) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: net returnse0
Direction: highere0
Value: INR 108712.4/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Higher gross returns (INR 152544.4/ha), higher net returns (INR 108712.4/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.48) were also recorded in treatment-9 [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)]”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1396 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatment 9 yielded higher B:C ratio (2.48) in wheat.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Second interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome: B:C ratioe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 2.48e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Higher gross returns (INR 152544.4/ha), higher net returns (INR 108712.4/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.48) were also recorded in treatment-9 [Zinc (10 kg/ha) + Azotobacter (10 g/kg seeds) + Azospirillum (10 g/kg seeds)]”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1179–1396 · show in text ↑

t0
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–86 · show in text ↑

Azospirillum · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

15 papers: 15 positive, 0 negative or no effect

14 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Azospirillum inoculation at 10 5 to 10 6 colony-forming units caused the largest seedling root elongation and surface.
Changes in root morphology of wheat caused by Azospirillum inoculation · 1985
Same direction
positive
Azospirillum sp. WS-1 and Bacillus sp. T-34 inoculation increased wheat root length, root and shoot dry weight, and rhizosheath soil dry weight compared with uninoculated plants in both rotations.
Cultivation-Based and Molecular Assessment of Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosheath of Wheat under Different Crop Rotations · 2015 · compared with non-inoculated control plants
Same direction
positive
Azospirillum sp. AzoK1 inoculation improved wheat growth in pots.
Isolation and identification by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of plant growth-promoting azospirilla from the rhizosphere of wheat · 2016
Same direction

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

Azotobacter · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

88 papers: 87 positive, 1 negative or no effect

86 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

84 papers more in this group

See all 88 papers →

zinc atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

200 papers: 155 positive, 45 negative or no effect

154 papers in the same direction as this paper · 43 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

positive
Application of 150 kg N and 15 kg Zn ha−1 improved wheat growth.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ZINC AND NITROGEN APPLICATION ON WHEAT GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD · 2013
Same directionCited by this paper
no effect
Surfactant with chelated zinc sprays did not cause negative wheat growth effects.
Zinc Mobility in Wheat: Uptake and Distribution of Zinc Applied to Leaves or Roots · 2001
Opposite direction
no effect
Wheat plants with low Mn or low Zn supply showed no growth differences from controls at the three harvests.
Distribution and remobilization of Zn and Mn during grain development in wheat · 1994 · compared with controls (sufficient Zn and Mn)
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round

196 papers more in this group

See all 200 papers →

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

511 papers: 456 positive, 55 negative or no effect

455 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

positive
Five kilograms zinc per hectare increased wheat grain yield by 31.6% over control, the highest increase.
Effect of Zinc Application on Rice Yield under Wheat Rice System · 2007 · compared with control
Same directionCited by this paper
positive
Application of 150 kg N and 15 kg Zn ha−1 gave the highest wheat yield components.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ZINC AND NITROGEN APPLICATION ON WHEAT GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD · 2013
Same directionCited by this paper
positive
Foliar zinc increased the number of fertile wheat tillers.
Response of wheat to foliar application of zinc · 2012
Same directionCited by this paper

507 papers more in this group

See all 511 papers →

Azotobacter · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

29 papers: 29 positive, 0 negative or no effect

28 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Azotobacter seed inoculation increased wheat root hairs.
Genotypic Characterization of Azotobacteria Isolated from Argentinean Soils and Plant‐Growth‐Promoting Traits of Selected Strains with Prospects for Biofertilizer Production · 2013
Same direction
positive
Azotobacter strain (Azo-8) with urea and farmyard manure increased shoot fresh weight of dryland wheat by more than 23% over control.
Effectiveness of Azotobacter bio-inoculant for wheat grown under dryland condition. · 2013 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Combined Azotobacter and 10 G 3 M L-TRP application significantly increased plant height by 5.8%.
Azotobacter and L-tryptophan Application for Improving Wheat Yield · 1999 · compared with untreated control
Same direction

25 papers more in this group

See all 29 papers →

Azospirillum · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

33 papers: 33 positive, 0 negative or no effect

32 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Azospirillum inoculation significantly increased grain and foliage yield.
Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on yield of field-grown wheat · 1983
Same direction
positive
Pot inoculation with Azospirillum increased wheat grain yield by 9.3% over uninoculated control.
Isolation and identification of phosphate solubilizer Azospirillum, Bacillus and Enterobacter strains by 16SrRNA sequence analysis and their effect on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2013 · compared with non-inoculated control
Same direction
positive
Single Azospirillum inoculation increased grain yield by 29%.
Influence of the co-inoculation Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium meliloti plus 2,4-D on grain yield and N, P, K content of Triticum aestivum (cv. Baccros and Mahdavi). · 2009 · compared with control plants
Same direction

29 papers more in this group

See all 33 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 10

The same questions in other papers

Azospirillum · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

Azotobacter · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

Azotobacter · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

Azospirillum · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree