Abstract
The global population is rising at an alarming rate, which is threatening food and nutritional security. Although chemical fertilizers and pesticides are important for achieving food security, their excessive usage critically affects soil health and adds up residues in the food chain. There is an increasing interest in identifying eco-friendly farm inputs that can improve crop productivity through sustainable agricultural practices. One of the most common approaches to reducing chemical inputs in agriculture is the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Here, we demonstrate the benefits of a natural and novel plant growth enhancer “calliterpenone,” isolated from Callicarpa macrophylla , a medicinal plant, for increasing crop productivity in six crops, viz ., rice, wheat, potato, tomato, chickpea, and onion. Results revealed that the application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking) enhanced the yield of rice (28.89%), onion (20.63%), potato (37.17%), tomato (28.36%), and chickpea (26.08%) at 0.001 mM and of wheat (27.23%) at 0.01 mM concentrations in comparison to control. This enhancement in yield was reflected through improvements in its growth attributes, viz ., spike length, tillers plant −1 , seeds spike −1 , plant height, and biomass. Furthermore, the exogenous application of calliterpenone could increase the endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in all tested crops and decrease the content of abscisic acid (ABA) in a few. Trials conducted at farmers' fields showed an overall ~12% increase in rice yield (mean of 11 farmers' fields ranging from 3.48 to 19.63%) and ~10% increase in wheat yield (ranging from 3.91 to 17.51%). The 0.001 mM of calliterpenone was the best effective dose for most crops except wheat, where a concentration of 0.01 mM was found to be the most optimal. This study indicates that calliterpenone is a natural plant growth promoter that can be used in boosting the yields of multiple crops and would be an important input component of organic farming.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of rice by 28.89% compared with control at 0.001 mM.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 28.89%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.001 mMe3
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“rice (28.89%)”
e3“at 0.001 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of onion by 20.63% compared with control at 0.001 mM.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 20.63%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.001 mMe3
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“onion (20.63%)”
e3“at 0.001 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of potato by 37.17% compared with control at 0.001 mM.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 37.17%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.001 mMe3
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“potato (37.17%)”
e3“at 0.001 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of tomato by 28.36% compared with control at 0.001 mM.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 28.36%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.001 mMe3
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“tomato (28.36%)”
e3“at 0.001 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of chickpea by 26.08% compared with control at 0.001 mM.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 26.08%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.001 mMe3
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“chickpea (26.08%)”
e3“at 0.001 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone application enhanced the yield of wheat by 27.23% compared with control at 0.01 mM.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 27.23%e2
- Qualifier
- 0.01 mMe2
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“enhanced the yield”
e2“wheat (27.23%) at 0.01 mM”
e4“in comparison to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone improved spike length, tillers per plant and seeds per spike.
- Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- spike length, tillers plant −1 , seeds spike −1e1
- Direction
- improvementse1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“improvements in its growth attributes, viz ., spike length, tillers plant −1 , seeds spike −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliterpenone improved plant height and biomass.
- Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, and biomasse2
- Direction
- improvementse1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“improvements in its growth attributes”
e2“plant height, and biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calliterpenone application increased the endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in all tested crops.
- Taxon
- all tested cropse0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of calliterpenonee0
- Outcome
- endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of calliterpenone could increase the endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in all tested crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calliterpenone application decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content in a few crops.
- Treatment
- exogenous application of calliterpenonee0
- Outcome
- content of abscisic acid (ABA)e1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- in a fewe1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of calliterpenone”
e1“decrease the content of abscisic acid (ABA) in a few”
Claim · model-written summary
In farmers' field trials calliterpenone gave an overall ~12% increase in rice yield (mean of 11 fields, range 3.48 to 19.63%).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- ~12%e1
- Qualifier
- mean of 11 farmers' fields ranging from 3.48 to 19.63%e1
- Setting
- farmers' fieldse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“Trials conducted at farmers' fields showed an overall ~12% increase in rice yield (mean of 11 farmers' fields ranging from 3.48 to 19.63%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In farmers' field trials calliterpenone gave ~10% increase in wheat yield (range 3.91 to 17.51%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)e0
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- ~10%e2
- Qualifier
- ranging from 3.91 to 17.51%e2
- Setting
- farmers' fieldse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of calliterpenone (foliar spraying or seed soaking)”
e1“Trials conducted at farmers' fields”
e2“~10% increase in wheat yield (ranging from 3.91 to 17.51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
0.001 mM calliterpenone was the best effective dose for most crops except wheat.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.001 mM of calliterpenone was the best effective dose for most crops except wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
For wheat a concentration of 0.01 mM calliterpenone was the most optimal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- most optimale0
- Value
- 0.01 mMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat, where a concentration of 0.01 mM was found to be the most optimal”
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See all 191 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.