Effect of Integrated crop management and blackgram (Vigna mungo) intercropping in maize (Zea mays)

Abstract

A 2 year field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2019 and 2020 to investigate the influence of integrated crop management (ICM) modules and blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) intercropping on crop growth, productivity and crop efficiencies in maize (Zea mays L.). The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years. Overall, conservation agriculture (CA)-based module involving zero-tillage on PRB, crop residue retention, 100% RDF, glyphosate-PP, pendimethalin-PE and tembotrione-POE with 3-irrigations and other need-based plant protection measures with blackgram intercropping improved growth, yield and crop efficiencies of maize under maize + blackgram-wheat cropping system.

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Claims 9

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher plant height than conventional-till and organic modules.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Zea mays* · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Vigna mungo* · InteractorSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher dry matter accumulation than conventional-till and organic modules (174.2 g/plant).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: dry matter accumulatione0
Direction: highere0
Value: 174.2 g/plante0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher crop growth rate than conventional-till and organic modules (20.8 g/m2/day).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: crop growth ratee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 20.8 g/m2/daye0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher relative growth rate than conventional-till and organic modules (115 mg/g/day).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: relative growth ratee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 115 mg/g/daye0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher average grain than conventional-till and organic modules (6.17 t/ha).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: average graine0
Direction: highere0
Value: 6.17 t/hae0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher stover yield than conventional-till and organic modules (8.2 t/ha).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: stover yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 8.2 t/hae0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher production than conventional-till and organic modules (60.2 kg/ha/day).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: productione0
Direction: highere0
Value: 60.2 kg/ha/daye0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher monetary-efficiency than conventional-till and organic modules (795.5 `/ha/day).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: monetary-efficiencye0
Direction: highere0
Value: 795.5 `/ha/daye0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize under ICM7 with blackgram had higher irrigation water productivity than conventional-till and organic modules (4 kg/m3).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgrame0
Interactor: blackgramVigna mungoe0other
Outcome: irrigation water productivitye0
Direction: highere0
Value: 4 kg/m3e0
Comparator: conventional-till and organic modulee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The maize crop under ICM7 [zero-tillage (ZT) + permanent raised-beds (PRB) + crop residue retention (3 t/ha) + 100% RDF + glyphosate pre-planting (PP) followed by (fb) pendimethalin pre-emergence (PE) fb tembotrione post-emergence (POE) application + 3 irrigations + need-based integrated crop protection] module intercropped with blackgram showed significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (174.2 g/plant), crop growth rate (20.8 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (115 mg/g/day), average grain (6.17 t/ha), and stover yield (8.2 t/ha) and average crop efficiencies like production (60.2 kg/ha/day), monetary-efficiency (795.5 `/ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (4 kg/m3) over conventional-till and organic module in both study years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 280–1037 · show in text ↑

glyphosate · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

25 papers: 12 positive, 13 negative or no effect

11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction

negative
Corn height decreased by 14% at 35.4 m after three weeks.
Biological responses to glyphosate drift from aerial application in non‐glyphosate‐resistant corn · 2010
Opposite direction
negative
Glyphosate drift at 100 and 200 g/ha decreased corn height by 19 to 45%.
Response of Corn to Simulated Glyphosate Drift Followed by In-Crop Herbicides · 2009
Opposite direction
negative
Glyphosate inhibited plant heights by 62.
Phytotoxic action of glyphosate and amitrole on corn seedlings · 1978
Opposite direction

21 papers more in this group

See all 25 papers →

pendimethalin · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

54 papers: 52 positive, 2 negative or no effect

51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Pendimethalin applied EPOST resulted in reduced corn yield and net returns in 2004.
Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Control in Irrigated Field Corn (Zea mays) with Foramsulfuron, Glyphosate, Nicosulfuron, and Pendimethalin · 2006
Opposite direction
no effect
Pendimethalin produced maize grain yield comparable to hand weeding.
Integrated Weed Management in Maize+Turmeric Intercropping System · 2000 · compared with hand weeding
No difference from an alternative
positive
Stomp 35-EC yielded 7.92 t ha of maize grain versus 4.561 t ha untreated.
Effect of different herbicides on weeds, growth and yield of spring planted maize (Zea mays L.). · 2009 · compared with untreated control plot
Same direction

50 papers more in this group

See all 54 papers →

glyphosate · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

77 papers: 42 positive, 35 negative or no effect

41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Early glyphosate at the three highest rates reduced corn yield by 22 to 78% on average.
Rice (Oryza sativa) and Corn (Zea mays) Response to Simulated Drift of Glyphosate and Glufosinate¹ · 2003
Opposite direction
negative
Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations.
Effect of Weed Removal Timing and Row Spacing on Soil Moisture in Corn (Zea mays) · 2006
Opposite direction
no effect
Cultivation after glyphosate did not affect corn yield.
Influence of Herbicide Application Rate, Timing, and Interrow Cultivation on Weed Control and Corn (Zea mays) Yield in Glufosinate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Resistant Corn · 1999
Opposite direction

73 papers more in this group

See all 77 papers →

pendimethalin · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

3 papers: 2 positive, 1 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

negative
Pendimethalin reduced relative water content at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h by 8%, 10%, 12%, 15% and 20%, respectively.
Effect of Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Herbicides on Relative Water Content in Leaves of Zea mays l. Seedlings. · 2016 · compared with control
Opposite direction
positive
Prowl and Treflan reduced maize water consumption by 40%.
Season long grass control in corn and sorghum - a new approach · 1980
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

pendimethalin · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

8 papers: 5 positive, 3 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

tembotrione · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

20 papers: 19 positive, 1 negative or no effect

18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

negative
The 2× rate of tembotrione + thiencarbazone methyl + isoxadifen significantly reduced aboveground biomass of field corn by 19%.
Commercial Safened ALS‐herbicide Formulation Effects on ALS‐sensitive Field Corn Hybrids · 2017
Opposite direction
positive
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced the combined dry weight of all weeds in maize.
Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh · 2017 · compared with weedy check
Same direction
positive
Atrazine plus tembotrione increased leaf number.
Response of Sweet Corn Hybrid to Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices under Temperate Conditions · 2019
Same direction

16 papers more in this group

See all 20 papers →

Vigna mungo · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

32 papers: 29 positive, 3 negative or no effect

28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

negative
Sole maize had significantly greater grain yield than maize intercropped with urdbean.
Productivity and Profitability of Maize Based Intercropping Systems · 2012 · compared with sole crop
Opposite direction
negative
Maize plus blackgram at 1:1 reduced maize yield by 3.52%.
Influence of Black Gram Intercropping and Weed Control Measures on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) · 2017
Opposite direction
negative
Black gram intercropping gave the lowest maize equivalent yield, 16.10 q/ha.
Influence of intercropping on the stem borerChilo partellusin maize · 2016 · compared with pigeonpea
Opposite direction

28 papers more in this group

See all 32 papers →

tembotrione · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

73 papers: 68 positive, 5 negative or no effect

67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Corn yield was not affected by the HPPD-inhibiting herbicide applications.
Is There a Benefit of Adding Atrazine to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides for Control of Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant, Including Group 5-Resistant, Waterhemp in Corn? · 2021
Opposite direction
no effect
Same-day nitrogen fertilization with tembotrione caused no yield reduction in three maize hybrids.
Interactions Between Herbicide Application and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilization in Maize Hybrids · 2019
Opposite direction
no effect
Adding atrazine to tembotrione did not increase yield-loss risk relative to the HPPD inhibitor alone.
Photosystem II‐Inhibitors Play a Limited Role in Sweet Corn Response to 4‐Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase‐Inhibiting Herbicides · 2014 · compared with HPPD‐inhibitor applied alone
No difference from an alternative

69 papers more in this group

See all 73 papers →

8 of 27 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 9

The same questions in other papers

glyphosate · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

pendimethalin · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

glyphosate · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

pendimethalin · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

pendimethalin · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

tembotrione · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

Vigna mungo · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

tembotrione · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results