Abstract
BACKGROUND: As one of the most important staple food crops, rice produces large of agronomic biomass residues that contain lots of secondary cell walls (SCWs). Membrane trafficking plays key roles in SCWs biosynthesis, but information association membrane trafficking and SCWs formation in plants is limited. RESULTS: In this study, we report the function characterization of a rice mutant, culm easily fragile 3 (cef3), that exhibits growth retardation and fragile culm phenotype with significantly altered cell wall composition and reduced secondary wall thickness. Map-based cloning revealed that CEF3 encodes a homologous protein of Arabidopsis STOMATAL CYTOKINESIS DEFECTIVE2 (SCD2). The saccharification assays revealed that CEF3 mutation can improve biomass enzymatic saccharification. Expression pattern analysis indicated that CEF3 is ubiquitously expressed in many organs at different developmental stages. Subcellular localization revealed that CEF3 is a Golgi-localized protein. The FM4-64 uptake assay revealed CEF3 is involved in endocytosis. Furthermore, mutation of CEF3 not only affected cellulose synthesis-related genes expression, but also altered the abundance of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 9 (OsCESA9) in the PM and in the endomembrane systems. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that CEF3 participates in the membrane trafficking that is essential for normal cellulose and other polysaccharides biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall, thereby manipulation of CEF3 could alter cellulose content and enhance biomass enzymatic saccharification in rice plants. Therefore, the study of the function of CEF3 can provide a strategy for genetic modification of SCWs in bioenergy crops.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The cef3 mutant showed retarded growth and fragile culms.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- culm easily fragile 3 (cef3)e0
- Outcome
- growth retardation and fragile culm phenotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a rice mutant, culm easily fragile 3 (cef3), that exhibits growth retardation and fragile culm phenotype”
Claim · model-written summary
The cef3 mutant had significantly altered cell-wall composition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- cell wall compositione0
- Direction
- alterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly altered cell wall composition and reduced secondary wall thickness.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The cef3 mutant had reduced secondary wall thickness.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- secondary wall thicknesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly altered cell wall composition and reduced secondary wall thickness.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis SCD2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- encodes a homologous protein of Arabidopsis STOMATAL CYTOKINESIS DEFECTIVE2 (SCD2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Map-based cloning revealed that CEF3 encodes a homologous protein of Arabidopsis STOMATAL CYTOKINESIS DEFECTIVE2 (SCD2).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 mutation improved biomass enzymatic saccharification.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CEF3 mutatione0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- biomass enzymatic saccharificatione0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The saccharification assays revealed that CEF3 mutation can improve biomass enzymatic saccharification.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 was expressed across organs and developmental stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- ubiquitously expressed in many organs at different developmental stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEF3 is ubiquitously expressed in many organs at different developmental stages.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 localized to the Golgi.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- Golgi-localized proteine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEF3 is a Golgi-localized protein.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 was implicated in endocytosis by FM4-64 uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- involved in endocytosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FM4-64 uptake assay revealed CEF3 is involved in endocytosis.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 mutation affected cellulose synthesis gene expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mutation of CEF3e0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- cellulose synthesis-related genes expressione0
- Direction
- affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of CEF3 not only affected cellulose synthesis-related genes expression, but also altered the abundance of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 9 (OsCESA9) in the PM and in the endomembrane systems.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CEF3 mutation altered OsCESA9 abundance in the plasma membrane and endomembrane systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mutation of CEF3e0
- Gene
- cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 9 (OsCESA9)e0
- Outcome
- abundance of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 9 (OsCESA9) in the PM and in the endomembrane systemse0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of CEF3 not only affected cellulose synthesis-related genes expression, but also altered the abundance of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 9 (OsCESA9) in the PM and in the endomembrane systems.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude CEF3-dependent membrane trafficking supports secondary-wall polysaccharide biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- normal cellulose and other polysaccharides biosynthesis of the secondary cell walle0
- Qualifier
- membrane traffickinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEF3 participates in the membrane trafficking that is essential for normal cellulose and other polysaccharides biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose CEF3 as a target for modifying secondary cell walls in bioenergy crops.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CEF3e0
- Outcome
- genetic modification of SCWs in bioenergy cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the study of the function of CEF3 can provide a strategy for genetic modification of SCWs in bioenergy crops.”
t0“rice”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.