Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions cause stress in plants, and some plant growth regulators (PGR’s) improve plant tolerance to these undesirable conditions. In order to study the effect of gibberellin, cytokinin and cycocle on some physiological traits of two wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, a study was conducted as a split-split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran in 2016. Irrigation at four levels: rainfed, irrigation at booting stage, irrigation at booting + flowering and irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages as the main plots, two wheat cultivars (Sirvan and Homa) as sub-plots and levels of plant growth regulators foliar application including control (no-PGR), gibberellin (100 µm), cytokinin (100 µm) and cycocel (3 g l-1) at the wheat stem elongation and grain filling stages as the sub-sub plots were examined. The results showed that soluble carbohydrates concentration was higher in rainfed conditions, compared to the other levels of irrigation. Relative water content, rate of water loss and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) increased due to irrigation, relative to the rainfed condition. A higher chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentration was observed with cytokinin spray in the presence of the three irrigation treatments. The results also indicate that, at the stem elongation and grain filling stages, foliar application of gibberellin reduced the rate of leaf water loss. Application of cytokinin and cycocel increased the concent of carotenoids, application of gibberellin and cycocel increased the Fv/Fm and the use of all three PGR’s increased soluble carbohydrates concentration compared to the no-PGR condition. The highest grain yield was obtained with cytokinin and cycocel spray at the wheat stem elongation and with the application of cycocel at grain filling stages under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages. Homa cultivar produced a higher grain yield compared to Sirvan. It may be concluded that the application of cytokinin and cycocel is beneficial to some physiological attributes and hence increasing the grain yield of wheat.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble carbohydrate concentration in wheat was higher under rainfed conditions than under the other irrigation levels.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- rainfed conditionse0
- Outcome
- soluble carbohydrates concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the other levels of irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble carbohydrates concentration was higher in rainfed conditions, compared to the other levels of irrigation”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content, rate of water loss and Fv/Fm increased with irrigation relative to the rainfed condition.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Relative water content, rate of water loss and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative water content, rate of water loss and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) increased due to irrigation, relative to the rainfed condition”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin spray gave higher chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentration under the three irrigation treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cytokinin spraye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of the three irrigation treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A higher chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentration was observed with cytokinin spray in the presence of the three irrigation treatments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar gibberellin reduced the rate of leaf water loss at the stem elongation and grain filling stages.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of gibberelline0
- Outcome
- rate of leaf water losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at the stem elongation and grain filling stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the stem elongation and grain filling stages, foliar application of gibberellin reduced the rate of leaf water loss”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin application increased carotenoid concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cytokinine0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of cytokinin and cycocel increased the concent of carotenoids”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel application increased carotenoid concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cycocele0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of cytokinin and cycocel increased the concent of carotenoids”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellin application increased Fv/Fm.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gibberelline0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of gibberellin and cycocel increased the Fv/Fm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel application increased Fv/Fm.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cycocele0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of gibberellin and cycocel increased the Fv/Fm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Use of all three plant growth regulators increased soluble carbohydrate concentration compared with no PGR.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- all three PGR’se0
- Outcome
- soluble carbohydrates concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no-PGR conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of all three PGR’s increased soluble carbohydrates concentration compared to the no-PGR condition”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin spray at stem elongation gave the highest wheat grain yield under irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cytokinine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was obtained with cytokinin and cycocel spray at the wheat stem elongation and with the application of cycocel at grain filling stages under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel spray at stem elongation gave the highest wheat grain yield under irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cycocel spray at the wheat stem elongatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was obtained with cytokinin and cycocel spray at the wheat stem elongation and with the application of cycocel at grain filling stages under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel applied at grain filling gave the highest wheat grain yield under irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of cycocel at grain filling stagese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was obtained with cytokinin and cycocel spray at the wheat stem elongation and with the application of cycocel at grain filling stages under the condition of irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Homa produced a higher grain yield than Sirvan.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Homa cultivar produced a higher grain yield compared to Sirvan”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that cytokinin and cycocel application is beneficial to some physiological attributes and thereby increases wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of cytokinin and cycocel is beneficial to some physiological attributes and hence increasing the grain yield of wheat”
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