Abstract
In the last 60 years, chemical fertilizer has played a significant role in world food production. It provides around half of the total amount of N that crops need. Nitrates (NO3) leaching, ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions contribute to low crop production efficiency (10 to 50 percent) principally due to the loss of N through these processes. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilizer production costs are extremely high. Technology like nitrogen inhibitors and slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers are used to boost nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, and crop yields as a result of these situations. Typical haplustept soils were studied to see how changing fertilizers affected growth, yield, and soil genetic indicators. Fertilizer doses and sources affect soil biological characteristics, which in turn affects enzymatic activity. In the right circumstances, enzymes alter the nitrogen supply in the soil and the plant's expansion and limestone structure. The Lovely Professional University School of Agriculture, Phagwara, Punjab, conducted two years of fertilizer studies in a rice-wheat cropping system on typical Haplustept soils from 2018 to 2020. Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields). At various stages of rice-wheat growth, enzyme activity in the soil (dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase) was also measured in the current study. Enzyme activity peaked at the heading stage in surface soil in all treatments, and then steadily declined thereafter. For both stages of crop growth in surface soil, the highest dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase activity was found in urea + PK + S + Zn –EDTA covered with Neem. Anhydrous ammonia was shown to have the lowest enzymatic activity.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA significantly outperformed the other treatments for plant height, number of tillers and effective tillers in rice-wheat.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTAe1
- Outcome
- plant height, number of tillers, effective tillerse1
- Direction
- significantly bettere1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA significantly outperformed the other treatments for panicle or spikelet length, grain per spike and test weight in rice-wheat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTAe1
- Outcome
- panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weighte1
- Direction
- significantly bettere1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA significantly outperformed the other treatments for grain and straw yields in rice-wheat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTAe1
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse1
- Direction
- significantly bettere1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields)”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface soil enzyme activity in rice-wheat peaked at the heading stage and then declined.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee2
- Outcome
- Enzyme activitye2
- Qualifier
- surface soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e2“Enzyme activity peaked at the heading stage in surface soil in all treatments, and then steadily declined thereafter”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea + PK + S + Zn –EDTA covered with Neem gave the highest dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase activity in surface soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- surface soile3
- Treatment
- urea + PK + S + Zn –EDTA covered with Neeme3
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase activitye3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields)”
e3“For both stages of crop growth in surface soil, the highest dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase activity was found in urea + PK + S + Zn –EDTA covered with Neem”
Claim · model-written summary
Anhydrous ammonia gave the lowest enzymatic activity in the soil compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Anhydrous ammoniae4
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields)”
e4“Anhydrous ammonia was shown to have the lowest enzymatic activity”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.