Abstract
Rainfall induced hypoxia with transient waterlogging is a major constraint limiting the productivity and quality of monsoon season onion (Allium cepa L.). Therefore, the effects of water stagnation at different growth stages and possibilities of its alleviation with plant growth regulators (PGRs) namely; potassium nitrate (PN, 20 g L−1), thio-urea (TU, 600 mg L−1), salicylic acid (SA, 2.07 mg L−1), sodium benzoate (SB, 200 mg L−1) were evaluated during 2018–20. Bulb yield loss ranged between 7 and 60 per cent. Bulb initiation stage was the most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth (15 %) and bulb development (7 %). Effects became additive when imposed at vegetative growth and bulb initiation (44 %), vegetative growth and bulb development (40 %), bulb initiation and bulb development (35%) and all the three stages (60 %). Spraying PGRs improved marketable bulb yields by 10.4–23.3 %, water productivity from 4.0 to 4.4–4.9 kg m−3 and helped to mitigate waterlogging stress through maintenance higher leaf water contents, greenness and plant vigour, lower canopy temperatures and modulating stomatal openings. Especially the crop was more receptive to PN and TU sprays at the most sensitive bulb initiation stage. Waterlogging also impacted the quality traits like bulb weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and firmness of bulbs but these got largely recovered with PGRs. PGRs exhibited considerably higher rehydration ratio (RR), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), protein contents, accumulation of total phenols and pyruvic acid. Thus, spraying PGRs like PN and TU emerged as a viable option to off-shoot the impacts of transient waterlogging.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Transient waterlogging caused bulb yield loss of 7 to 60 percent.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)
Allium cepae2 - Treatment
- water stagnatione1
- Outcome
- Bulb yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 7 and 60 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulb yield loss ranged between 7 and 60 per cent.”
e1“water stagnation at different growth stages”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb initiation was most sensitive to waterlogging with 20% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Organ / stage
- Bulb initiation stagee0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- sensitivee0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
- Value
- 20 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulb initiation stage was the most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative growth waterlogging produced 15% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Value
- 15 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by vegetative growth (15 %) and bulb development (7 %)”
e1“most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb development waterlogging produced 7% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- bulb developmente0
- Value
- 7 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulb development (7 %)”
e1“most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at vegetative growth and bulb initiation caused 44% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- vegetative growth and bulb initiatione0
- Outcome
- Effectse0
- Direction
- additivee0
- Value
- 44 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects became additive when imposed at vegetative growth and bulb initiation (44 %)”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at vegetative growth and bulb development caused 40% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- bulb developmente0
- Value
- 40 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative growth and bulb development (40 %)”
e1“most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at bulb initiation and development caused 35% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- bulb developmente0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulb initiation and bulb development (35%)”
e1“most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at all three stages caused 60% yield loss.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- all the three stagese0
- Value
- 60 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the three stages (60 %)”
e1“most sensitive (20 %) to waterlogging followed by vegetative growth”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR sprays raised marketable bulb yields by 10.4–23.3%.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- Spraying PGRse0
- Outcome
- marketable bulb yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10.4–23.3 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying PGRs improved marketable bulb yields by 10.4–23.3 %”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR sprays raised water productivity from 4.0 to 4.4–4.9 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- Spraying PGRse0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4.4–4.9 kg m−3e0
- Qualifier
- 4.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying PGRs improved marketable bulb yields by 10.4–23.3 %, water productivity from 4.0 to 4.4–4.9 kg m−3”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR sprays maintained higher leaf water content, greenness and plant vigour under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- Spraying PGRse1
- Outcome
- leaf water contents, greenness and plant vigoure0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“helped to mitigate waterlogging stress through maintenance higher leaf water contents, greenness and plant vigour”
e1“Spraying PGRs”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR sprays lowered canopy temperature under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- Spraying PGRse1
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower canopy temperatures”
e1“Spraying PGRs”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR sprays modulated stomatal openings under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae2
- Treatment
- Spraying PGRse1
- Outcome
- stomatal openingse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulating stomatal openings”
e1“Spraying PGRs”
e2“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PN sprays were particularly effective at bulb initiation.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- PNe0
- Outcome
- more receptivee0
- Direction
- more receptivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Especially the crop was more receptive to PN and TU sprays at the most sensitive bulb initiation stage.”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TU sprays were particularly effective at bulb initiation.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- more receptivee0
- Direction
- more receptivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Especially the crop was more receptive to PN and TU sprays at the most sensitive bulb initiation stage.”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging affected bulb weight, diameter, sphericity and firmness, which largely recovered with PGRs.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- bulb weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and firmness of bulbse0
- Direction
- recoverede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging also impacted the quality traits like bulb weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and firmness of bulbs but these got largely recovered with PGRs.”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR treatment produced higher rehydration ratio, pH, soluble solids, protein, phenols and pyruvic acid.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- rehydration ratio (RR), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), protein contents, accumulation of total phenols and pyruvic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGRs exhibited considerably higher rehydration ratio (RR), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), protein contents, accumulation of total phenols and pyruvic acid.”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PN and TU sprays are proposed as viable options against transient waterlogging.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepae1
- Treatment
- PN and TUe0
- Outcome
- spraying PGRs like PN and TUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying PGRs like PN and TU emerged as a viable option to off-shoot the impacts of transient waterlogging.”
e1“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
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